Во что одеваются? В чем их смысл
помогите пожалуйста с:
A skinhead is a member of a subculture that originated among working class youths in London, England in the 1960s and then soon spread to other parts of the United Kingdom, and later to other countries around the world. Named for their close-cropped or shaven heads, the first skinheads were greatly influenced by West Indian (specifically Jamaican) rude boys and British mods, in terms of fashion, music and lifestyle.
Originally, the skinhead subculture was primarily based on those elements, not politics or race. Since then, however, attitudes toward race and politics have become factors by which some skinheads align themselves. The political spectrum within the skinhead scene ranges from the far right to the far left, although many skinheads are apolitical.
Skinheads have been known to wear long-sleeve or short-sleeve button-up shirts or polo shirts by brands such as Ben Sherman, Fred Perry, Brutus, Warrior or Jaytex; Lonsdale or Everlast shirts or sweatshirts; collarless grandad shirts; V-neck sweaters; sleeveless sweaters; cardigan sweaters or T-shirts (plain or with text or designs related to the skinhead subculture). Some Oi! and hardcore-oriented skinheads wear plain white tank top undershirts, especially in North America. They have also worn fitted blazers; Harrington jackets; bomber jackets; denim jackets (usually blue, sometimes splattered with bleach); donkey jackets; Crombie-style overcoats; sheepskin 3/4-length coats; short macs; monkey jackets; parkas.
A skinhead is a member of a subculture that originated among working class youths in London, England in the 1960s and then soon spread to other parts of the United Kingdom, and later to other countries around the world. Named for their close-cropped or shaven heads, the first skinheads were greatly influenced by West Indian (specifically Jamaican) rude boys and British mods, in terms of fashion, music and lifestyle.
Originally, the skinhead subculture was primarily based on those elements, not politics or race. Since then, however, attitudes toward race and politics have become factors by which some skinheads align themselves. The political spectrum within the skinhead scene ranges from the far right to the far left, although many skinheads are apolitical.
Skinheads have been known to wear long-sleeve or short-sleeve button-up shirts or polo shirts by brands such as Ben Sherman, Fred Perry, Brutus, Warrior or Jaytex; Lonsdale or Everlast shirts or sweatshirts; collarless grandad shirts; V-neck sweaters; sleeveless sweaters; cardigan sweaters or T-shirts (plain or with text or designs related to the skinhead subculture). Some Oi! and hardcore-oriented skinheads wear plain white tank top undershirts, especially in North America. They have also worn fitted blazers; Harrington jackets; bomber jackets; denim jackets (usually blue, sometimes splattered with bleach); donkey jackets; Crombie-style overcoats; sheepskin 3/4-length coats; short macs; monkey jackets; parkas.
Презентация на тему: The youth movement. The skinheads
The youth movement. The skinheads
A particle of history. Have you ever met the groups of young people with shaved heads wearing the black jeans and jackets without collars, army boots and the badges of slavery confederation? They are skinheads.Nobody writes about them but the skinheads became the legend among the adolescents in different cities. Adults don’t try to notice them like the representatives of law. That’s why it’s one of the most important problem nowadays. Where did this movement come from? When and where did the skins appear? I think, majority of our population don’t know the answers on these questions.The first skinheads appeared in England in 1968-69s. They didn’t have any in common with the rebellious skinheads of our generation. They differed a lot. the skins of “the first wave” were the British worker’s subculture. They came up against an official bourgeois culture and counterculture of 60s years. The young from worker’s districts considered that the British counterculture was a desire of mother’s darlings from the middle class families and the rich families too. It was the entertainment for the rich to pretend that they were against bourgeois society. The skinheads chose the own style of clothes to cut a dash out of crowds. The most interesting fact is that the first skinheads loved and respect the black people. They listened to black’s music like west –Indian and Jamaica’s style of music called blue beat in England. The favorite singers were nigroes. Normally the skins discovered and made Bob Marley the world star.The black men and the skinheads lived together worked at the same plants, studied at the same schools. They fought with the bourgeois children together.
The skinheads of “the second wave” existed in England in the end of 70s years. It was a product of punk’s corruption from one side and the result of economical crisis from the other.Living in difficult time during the unemployed period among the rebellions and violence the skinheads began to fight with the same adolescents of another districts at the streets. Since the end of the 70s years in Britain the fascist ideology had been acting. Fascists became an instance for skinheads quickly. They began an active work with them. The fascists gave money for arranging skin-clubs and skins started to sing the frank racist songs, created own music in the style “oi”. Soon they changed into national skins. Their lotto was “Keep Britain White”.Later the such subculture made a progress in many European countries and the USA too. The main place of this movement in Europe was Germany. In differ from British and American skins who simply beat the black and Asian men the German were famous of killing. Very quickly German skin society converted into the most political group.
Russian skinheads The first Russian skinheads appeared in the beginning of 90s years in Moscow. They were about ten people in the capital and 5 in Saint-Petersburg. Their behavior was quietly making the demonstrations of themselves in the centre of the city. The first skins were a clean product of adolescent imitated the west model. It had been lasting until the beginning of 1994Suddenly in this time the skins had been becoming numerous and noticeable phenomenon for several weeks. Outwardly it was connected with the political occurrences in the country showing the young generation that the most convenient argument in any discussion was violence. Police’s terror in the streets of Moscow, ethnical riddance made big influence on the young minds. Having seen how police and solders robbed and beat by foot the people of unsuitable looks with impunity and heard the “patriotic talks” of Moscow’s government the bad adolescents of sleeping districts and from unfortunate families found the samples for imitation quickly. And the Chechnya’s war assisted the growth of skins either.Nobody fought with them. As long as the police was getting rid of Caucasians the skinheads like cowards chose their victims among the residents from Middle Asia or from the countries of “the third world”. At first they were black men and Asian people.Historical centers of skins’ movement in Russia were Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and Novgorod. Moscow’s skins set upon the Africans and the Indians, Saint-Petersburg’s skins attacked the Africans, the Neapolitans, the Chinese, in Novgorod the victims became the residents of Middle Asian like the refugees from Tadzhikistan. Everywhere especially in Novgorod the police had normal relations with skins that’s why they didn’t make the criminal affairs against them. The racial terror was thriving.
The skins’ growth in Russia In the atmosphere of permission the skins’ movement had been growing without restrictions and reached the noticeable size. Nowadays it goes on. For example, there were 3500-4000 skins in Moscow in 1999 Without doubt not only political events impacted the skins prosperity. Two important factors made the base for rapid growth and skins existence among the young in Russia. They were economical crisis and the break up of educational system. Since 1991 disastrous economical reductions had changed millions of the Russians into unemployed people. Formally many of them weren’t considered to be unemployed but in fact they existed. The enterprises also stopped to produce goods working 1-2 days a week or 2-3 month a year. The laborers couldn’t get the salary for a year. Majority population having middle incomes became the beggars. All of that was the reason of psychological catastrophe. For decades of soviet experience people had got accustomed to ensuring occupation, state’s power in education, health care system and other social programs. For example, symbolic price on the main products, childish goods, residents service, public transports. Having lost an usual lifestyle the Russians were become wild very quickly. Crimes, alcohol and drugs filled the country. Parents thought how to survive in such a world and didn’t pay attention to the children’s upbringing. The rough houses and violence in the family was normal occurrence.
Skinhead
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
Skinhead, youth subculture characterized by aggressively masculine hair and dress styles, including shaved heads and heavy boots. In many countries skinheads are commonly viewed as extreme right-wing nationalists or neofascists who espouse anti-Semitic and other racist views, though the skinhead phenomenon is not always overtly political and not all skinheads are racists.
The skinheads originated in the 1960s in the working-class neighbourhoods of London. They rejected the youthful counterculture movement—in particular its ethos of peace and love—and deliberately cultivated aspects of style and culture that were furthest removed from it. The skinheads received extensive media attention in Britain in 1969–70, following appeals from Pakistanis living in the country for protection from skinhead attacks. Although many skinheads were prone to violence, others viewed their subculture primarily as an expression of alternative values and communal solidarity and were more interested in parties, concerts, and sporting events than in violence. During the 1970s and ’80s the skinhead movement spread to Australia, North America, and western Europe, especially Germany.
Although the first skinheads were nonpolitical, many of them were soon drawn into extreme nationalist, and especially anti-immigrant, groups. Some skinheads were recruited as “storm troopers” for neo-Nazi organizations, and the movement became increasingly politicized. Skinhead gangs often attacked immigrants or racial minorities, particularly Turks and Asians in Germany and Indians and Pakistanis in Britain. A classic fictionalized account of such a gang was presented in the Australian film Romper Stomper (1992), and similar themes also emerged in American films such as American History X (1998). In the United States skinheads were drawn into the ultranationalist white supremacy movement through groups such as White Aryan Resistance. Even so, some skinheads in the United States and elsewhere were nonpolitical or even espoused left-wing positions.
Skinheads expressed their racism in their music as well as in their street violence. Although many early skinheads favoured West Indian reggae, later skinhead musical groups produced punk music and Oi!, a variety of punk that focused on “street” issues.
Реферат: Skinheads Essay Research Paper SKINHEADSSkinheads are working
Skinheads Essay, Research Paper
Skinheads are working class citizens that enjoy music and beer, yet they are continually portrayed as racists and bigots. Skinheads are constantly called Nazis, but skinheads originated as working class men from England many years earlier. Skinheads spend most of their time with other like-minded individuals. A group of skinheads is usually called a crew. Unlike gangs, crews are relatively non-violent unless provoked. They dress in simple and classy style at all times to showcase their working class roots. Most skinheads will continue living the Skinhead lifestyle until the day they die.
Skinhead roots began during the late 1960’s when the Jamaican rude boy subculture mingled with the British mod subculture. A rude boy is best defined as a “cool super-hooligan.” Rude in Jamaican vernacular meant wild, violent, or reckless. These rude boys were best portrayed in such songs as Desmond Dekker’s “007 (Shanty Town)”, “Rude Boy Train”, and many other such releases. A rude boy is now portrayed as a person who listens to reggae and ska music primarily, dressing in nice clothes and suits. The term mod is short for modernist. Mod is a direct outgrowth of Post War Britain, when all the teenagers suddenly had a disposable income and a desire to find an identity beyond a schoolboy or workingman. The product of this marriage would be what we today call a skinhead. Skinheads preferred physical labor to the mod ideals of effortless work. There were several theories on why the skinheads cropped their hair short and began wearing boots. One theory is that “the rougher kids began cutting their hair close, both to aid their fashion and to prevent their hair from hindering them in street fights.” The other theory is being that “the shaved head and steel toed boots originated amongst the dock workers who required the safety of steel toed boots and shaved their heads as a precaution against head lice.” After work, skinheads would usually congregate to the mostly Jamaican-owned dance halls, wearing their finest clothes. Skinheads also enjoyed going to the pubs and drinking beer, and watching soccer. Skinheads enjoyed soccer, and were overly supportive at times, attacking supporters of the other clubs. During the mid to late 1970’s a resurgence of the Skinhead subculture arose and with it came a sense of football hooliganism never seen before. These hooligans were strictly devoted to their chosen football clubs and would not associate with supporters of other clubs. It soon became a trademark of the terraces as football hooliganism became a widespread problem. West Ham s East End Boot Crew was one of the first mobs to become overtly skinhead but it wasn’t long before it was the norm at nearly every London ground.
While skinheads weren’t being hooligans, they listened to and still listen to many different genres of music. The most common forms of music listened to by skinheads are as follow: Oi!, a form of street punk, 77 style punk, which was the first years of punk, and ska. Oi! Music expresses the life of being a skinhead. The struggle of labor and social aspects. 77 style punk is the best kind of punk because it is basic with good foot tapping rhythms. Keeping punk pure and full of passion. Ska is what became skinhead s dance music. First-wave ska was a Jamaican dance music that exploded from Jamaica in the early 1960’s. Jamaican immigrants brought ska to England. Which fell loudly on the ears of skinheads to come. First-wave was a mix of Rasta, Calypso, and other Caribbean rhythms mixed with the traditional African sound. Some artists from this period were Judge Dread, Desmond Dekker, Laurel Aitken, and The Skatalites. Second- and third-wave revivals came around during the mid 1970’s, 1980’s, and 1990’s. Second-wave ska was associated primarily with the Two-Tone movement. This movement was dedicated to racial unity and stomping out racist factions. Two-Tone bands played concerts whenever possible to spread their ideas. Second-wave ska was a mixture of R&B, soul and traditional ska. Such major bands as Bad manners, The Selecter, The Specials, and The English Beat were among the defining bands of this movement and did plenty for the non-racist cause. Third-wave ska is the most recent wave to come around. Third-wave is a mixture of ska and punk, not following the traditional ska beat, such as the Skoidats, Skofflaws, Slackers, or Stubborn-All-stars.
Oi! is street punk, plain and simple. The word Oi comes from Cockney slang meaning “Hey.” It is also a shortening of the Greek oi polloi, meaning common people. Oi! Began more as a movement than as a sound. Oi! Bands sung about real issues faced by youth in the UK, such as unemployment, prison, authority, and social injustices. Many of the original and most revered bands had an obvious left-wing slant. The first time the word Oi! was used in a song was by the Cockney Rejects, singing “Oi! Oi! Oi!.” Gary Bushell gave these street punk bands of the late seventies/early eighties the name Oi because they refused to be a part of the plastic punk genre. Bushell also gave the world its first taste of Oi! in the Oi! The Album compilation. This compilation exposed many people to the movement and preceded the numerous Oi! compilations that followed it. The forefathers of Oi! Sham 69, The Lurkers, Cockney Rejects, CockSparrer, Angelic Upstarts, and the Business, played what the smarter press of the time called real punk. Around 1980, the 4-Skins, Infa Riot, The Last Resort, Combat 84 other like-minded bands began appearing all over England. The impact of the early 1980’s Oi! scene could be felt around the world. When Oi! hit American soil, it found its way into the hardcore scene, influencing many other scenes instantly. Socially, Oi! is the converging of skinheads and street punks, emphasizing working-class concerns and themes. The main themes being labor, fighting, drinking, self-pride, self-respect, also known as the politics of life. Such bands as Blitz, The Oppressed, Anti-Heros, The Bruisers, Patriot, and the Dropkick Murphy’s are all fine examples of Oi! music.
Skinheads need to look good while they’re out and about. Skinhead fashions have changed very little since the early days of the 1960’s. The most defining points of skinhead fashion would be the boots, braces, flight jacket, and rolled jeans. The color of a skinhead’s bootlaces and braces does not anything. Red doesn’t stand for Nazi, white doesn’t stand for white power, and blue doesn’t stand for SHARP. Laces just keep our boots on and accent them, and braces merely hold up our pants.
When one claims skinhead he should be well educated on the subculture and music. Freshcuts are usually found where there is a scene already, while some still claim freshcut when they’re just coming in. A freshcut isn’t a fly, new hairstyle, but a skinhead in training so to speak. Freshcuts are usually the younger generation of skinheads, usually somewhere in the teen years. Older skinheads tend to teach these younger members what they need to know and what to do and do not do. Older skinheads also tend to pick on these younger members to see what they’re made of. It’s popular belief that freshcuts get beat up so they can claim. This is not true because this would make skinhead crew nothing better than any other street gang.
It is popular belief that skinheads are racist, Nazi hate mongers. However this is not true. Skinheads are seen as Nazis, white power morons only because that’s the way the media wishes to portray them. These morons claim to be part of a subculture originally started by members of both black and white skin color. All true skins have suffered because of the infection known as politics. There are several factions of the skinhead subculture, you have the traditional skins, the sharp s, the boneheads, and the rash skins. Traditional skinheads are just hooligans living to have fun. This is where my place lies. Trads are hard workers and dedicated men. Filled with pride and honor. Hooligans who know their place in a life filled with pride and determined to have a good time. Sharp s or skinheads against racial prejudice are often the ones to jump up and go after Nazis just because they feel the need to. They take the traditional ideas to an extreme often. Boneheads as we all should know are the Nazi, racist bigots who claim skinhead and give the skinhead name such a bad rep. Rash s red and anarchist skinheads are just what their name implies. They have no business in being skinhead. Unfortunately though racism has infiltrated the skinhead ranks. The first affiliation between skinhead and racism was during the late 1970’s. The National Front saw the violent life of the skinheads as a perfect breeding ground for white supremacist action. The National Front and British Nazi Party both recruited heavily from the skinhead regimes, but mainly from the football hooligans who tended to be more violent. These hooligans looked enough like skinheads to make it seem that skinheads were the root of this racist problem. Ever since then, skinheads and racism have been synonymous together in the minds of billions of people around the world.
All in all, skinheads sprang up when British mods and Jamaican rude boys merged together. Ever since, they have been spreading worldwide and growing in numbers. Skinheads listen to Oi!, Punk, and Ska among others. They wear the traditional steel-capped boots and braces of the working class, because that’s where their roots lie, and because many skinheads are part of the working class. To claim one must immerse themself in the subculture and know it’s what they are and not what they think is cool. Skinheads are not racist and never have been. Nazis posing as skinheads have ruined the reputation of the traditional skinheads, forcing the world to perceive them as racists. Being a skinhead is a way of life, not a classification.
