Текст по английскому языку по теме История авиации
специалист в области арт-терапии
History of aviation
The potential of the aircraft was immediately noticed by the military. So, for example, the first military aircraft appeared already in 1912-13 in Bulgaria, which used them for reconnaissance and air strikes. However, military aviation received serious development during the First World War. It was then that many countries seriously thought about providing aircraft with weapons. The first such aircraft were made of wood and fabric. And then there were problems. How to combine a machine gun, which not only shakes when shooting, but also spits with a mixture of exhaust powder gases directly into the pilot and onto flammable elements? The decision was received by the French. They combined the machine gun with the main axis of the aircraft, thereby solving the problem of vibration and gas emission and aiming.
The Golden Age of Aviation. 1918-1939, a break between the two Wars. Over the past 21 years, aviation has stepped far forward. The design of the aircraft has undergone dramatic changes. Aircraft began to be made of aluminum, creating rotary and radial engines with air cooling, blown up with gasoline, water, multiple movements. The first continuous flight was made by the American Charles Lindbergh on May 20, 1927, he was on a single-engine monoplane from Garden City (New York) to Le Bourget (France) and reached the goal on May 21, 1927. The flight took almost 35 hours. In 1929, the first navigation devices were developed, and in the 30s the development of a jet engine had already begun.
World War II led to the need for a sharp increase in the rate of improvement of aircraft and production. All countries involved in the war developed, modernized, and produced airplanes and aviation weapons, while new types of aircraft appeared, for example, long-range bombers. During the war, aircraft made another leap. They became more maneuverable, more tenacious, learned to move at impressive distances and carry huge loads.
The post-war period, the cold war. Commercial aviation jump time. Old bombers were converted to commercial models, and jet aviation was born and developed. The first recorded breakthrough of the sound barrier was achieved by an American test pilot in 1947, followed by a Soviet pilot in 1948. Non-stop flights were made from the United States to Europe (1948) and to Australia (1952). on September 15, 1956, the Soviet airline Aeroflot began operating regular flights on Tu-104 jet planes. 1967-experimental aircraft X-15 (USA) sets a speed record of 7297 km/h (6.1 M), which was broken only in the 21st century by the x-43 (12144 km/h or 9.8 m). Boeing 747, air transportation begins on Tu-144 conc Concorde supersonic Airliners. The field of navigation devices and other avionics has been greatly developed.
21st Century. Supersonic Airliners are leaving the air transportation market due to inefficiency, the development of unmanned aircraft begins, and the further development of existing aircraft systems. Improving engines, increasing power and reducing fuel consumption, developing materials, expanding the scope of aircraft and helicopters.
Топик на английском языке с переводом «Inventions – Изобретения»
специалист в области арт-терапии
The Greatest Inventions of the Past
Since the early days people have been inventing new things to make the life easier. Inventions have changed the world immensely.
A lot of people travel by planes. But it would be impossible without the Wright brothers who made the first flight in 1903.
The Englishman Alexander Graham Bell patented his invention of the telephone in 1876. Very soon in the 20 th century the telephone was already in every office and almost every house.
Nowadays the car is probably the most widely used and most useful of all the inventions. The German engineer Karl Benz produced the first petrol driven car in 1885.
Some Famous Inventors
At the beginning of every invention there is its author with his desire to change, create and improve. I would like to say a few words about some of the famous inventors.
Alexander Popov was a Russian physicist who first demonstrated the practical application of radio waves. In 1894 he built his first radio.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was the founder of cosmonautics. Initially, he was a Mathematics and Physics teacher. But he never gave up the idea about space travel. His drawings and calculations became the basis of practical space flights.
The progress never stops even for a minute. Modern inventors introduce more complex and more amazing ideas.
Nowadays we widely use computers and cell phones which were invented not so long ago. Another wonderful example is laser with different technologies in medicine, industry and electronics.
Величайшие изобретения прошлого
С первых дней люди изобретают новые вещи, чтобы сделать жизнь проще. Изобретения чрезвычайно изменили мир.
Многие путешествуют на самолетах. Но это было бы невозможно без братьев Райт, которые совершили первый полет в 1903 году.
Англичанин Александр Грэхем Белл запатентовал свое изобретение – телефон – в 1876 году. Очень скоро в 20-м веке телефон был уже в каждом офисе и почти в каждом доме.
В настоящее время автомобиль, вероятно, – наиболее широко используемое и наиболее полезное из всех изобретений. Немецкий инженер Карл Бенц произвел первый автомобиль на бензине в 1885 году.
Некоторые знаменитые изобретатели
У истоков каждого изобретения находится его автор с его желанием изменить, создать и улучшить. Я хотел бы сказать несколько слов о некоторых известных изобретателях.
Александр Попов был русским физиком, который впервые продемонстрировал практическое применение радиоволн. В 1894 году он построил свой первый радиоприемник.
Константин Циолковский был основателем космонавтики. Первоначально он был учителем математики и физики. Но он никогда не отказывался от идеи о космических путешествиях. Его рисунки и расчеты легли в основу практических космических полетов.
Прогресс не останавливается ни на минуту. Современные изобретатели представляют более сложные и более удивительные идеи.
В настоящее время мы широко используем компьютеры и сотовые телефоны, которые были изобретены не так давно. Другой замечательный пример – лазер с различными технологиями в медицине, промышленности и электронике.
Travelling by Plane
No wonder that one of the latest means of travelling is travelling by plane. Nowadays people mostly travel by air. It combines both comfort and speed and you will reach the place of destination very quickly. No doubt, travelling by air is the most convenient and comfortable means of travelling. But if you are airsick the flight may seem not so nice to you. Unfortunately sometimes the flights are delayed because of unfavourable weather conditions, and one more inconvenience is jet-lag.
Before boarding the plane you must check in at the airport. Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport one hour before departure time on international flights and half an hour on domestic flights. You must register your tickets, weigh in and register the luggage.
The economy class limitation is 20 kg. First-class passengers are allowed 30 kg. Excess luggage must be paid for. Passengers are permitted, to take only some personal belongings with them into the cabin. These items include handbags, brief-cases or attache cases, umbrellas, coats and souvenirs bought at the tax-free shops at the airport. Each passenger is given a boarding pass to be shown at the departure gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane.
Before the plane takes off the stewardess gives you all the information about the flight, the speed and altitude. She asks you to fasten the belts and not to smoke. She will take care of you during the flight and will help you to get comfortable in your seat. Inside the cabins the air is always fresh and warm. The captain will welcome you on board, tell you all about the flight and the interesting places you are flying over. During the flight you can take a nap or have a chat, you can read and relax. In some planes you can watch video or listen to the music.
When the plane is landing or taking off you have an opportunity to enjoy the wonderful scenery and landscapes. While travelling by plane you fly past various villages and cities at the sight of which realize how majestic and tremendous our planet is. Do not forget your personal belongings when leaving the plane.
Landing formalities and customs regulation are about the same in-all countries. While still onboard the plane the passenger is given an arrival card to fill in, he fills in (in block letters) his name in full, country of residence, permanent address, purpose and length of visit; and address in the country he is visiting. After the passenger has disembarked, officials will examine (check) his passport and visa (to see if they are in order).
In some countries they will check the passenger’s certificate of vaccination. When these formalities have been completed the passenger goes to the Customs for an examination of his luggage. The passenger is required to fill in a customs declaration form. He must list all dutiable articles. Personal belongings may be brought in duty-free.
Here is a partial list of prohibited articles: firearms, drugs, in some countries — meat products, fresh fruit and vegetables. The Customs inspector may ask you to open your bags for inspection. After you are through with all customs formalities he will put a stamp on each piece of luggage.
Путешествие на самолете
Questions:
1. Why do people mostly travel by air nowadays?
2. Why may the flight seem not so nice to you?
3. What are other inconveniences of flying?
4. When are passengers requested to arrive at the airport?
5. What is the luggage limitation?
6. What must passengers do in case they have some excess luggage?
7. What are passengers permitted to take with them into the cabin?
8. When is a boarding pass to be shown?
9. What do stewardesses do during the flight?
10. What can you do during the flight?
11. What opportunities do passengers have when the plane is landing or taking off?
12. What is the passenger given to fill in while still onboard the plane?
13. What are the formalities to be completed after the passenger has disembarked?
14. What must you list in your customs declaration?
15. What are prohibited articles?
16. What will the Customs inspector do after you are through with all customs formalities?
Vocabulary:
Рассказ на английском про изобретение самолета
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
GREAT INVENTIONS
First of all it should be mentioned that television was invented in 1920s and it is considered one of the most important. It changed leisure habits for countless millions and was pioneered by Scottish-born electrical engineer John Logie Baird.
It had been realised for some time that light could be converted into electrical impulses, making it possible to transmit such impulses over a distance and then reconvert them into light.
After television, the car is probably the most widely used and most useful of all inventions. German engineer Karl Benz produced the first petrol-driven car in 1885 and the British motor industry started in 1896. Henry Ford was the first to use assembly line production for his Model T car in 1908. Like them or hate them, cars have given people freedom of travel.
Leonardo da Vinci had described the camera obscura photographic principle as early as 1515. But it was not until 1835 that Frenchman Louis Daguerre produced camera photography. The system was gradually refined over the years, to the joy of happy snappers and the despair of those who had to wade through friends’ endless holiday pictures.
In 1876 Edinburgh-born scientist Alexander Graham Bell patented his invention of the telephone. The following year, the great American inventor Thomas Edison produced the first working telephone. With telephones soon rapidly becoming available, the days of letter writing became numbered.
Another life-transforming invention was the computer. British mathematician Charles Babbage designed a form of computer in the mid 1830s, but it was not until more than a century later the theory was put into practice. Now, a whole generation has grown up with calculators and computer games, the Internet and e-mail have transformed communication and information.
And at last we should mention the invention of planes that помог положить shrink the world and brought distant lands within easy reach of ordinary people. The invention of the petrol engine made flight feasible and the American Wright brothers made the first flight in 1903.
1. What are the inventions of the 19th century?
2. Who invented the television?
3. What did Karl Benz produced?
4. When was camera photography produced?
5. Is telephone the necessary invention?
6. What is the role of computers in our life?
Science and Technology. Тексты по теме для подготовки к экзамену
Sceince and technology is what we cannot imagine our life nowadays. Throughout the history inventors’ ideas have changed the way we live, making it easier and more enjoyable. The twenty-first century is no exception as it is noted for the invention of the television, computers, spacecraft, genetic engineering and many others. Read the texts about famous inventors and their inventions and remember their names. Before reading you should make sure that you know the words — Science. Английские слова. Список №1
Science and Technology. Texts about Famous Inventions and their Inventors
Before reading the texts match the inventors and inventions:
The inventions: the telephone, the television, the computer, the light bulb, the hydrogen bomb, the mobile phone (6)
The inventors: Charles Babbage, John Braid, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, Martin Cooper, Andrei Sakharov (6)
Содержание:
1. The Invention of the Telephone
The telephone is one of the most important inventions of the 19th century. Its creator was the English scientist Alexander Graham Bell.
Bell wanted to be a teacher and entered Edinburgh University. But he changed his mind and became a student of the Medical Faculty of London University. Under the guidance of an outstanding German scientist who works on physiology of sight and ear, Bell began to study the human organs of articulation.
By and by Bell came to the idea of creating a special apparatus which would help the deaf to pronounce the sounds of speech and learn to speak. Working on such a apparatus, Bell invented microphone (with engineer Thomas Watson) and telephone. At first his invention was not popular with the public, but Bell visited American towns and other countries, read lectures and demonstrated his telephone.
In 1878 he also organized his own company to produce telephones. But Bell wasn’t interested in business itself and used his money on the laboratories for generating new ideas. He was and is greatly respected both in England and America.
2. The Invention of the Television
The television is a mass media that serves to gives people opportunities both for entertainment and for rapid information.
The idea of a machine able to broadcast both sound and vision goes back to 1875. But it wasn’t until 1926 that a Scottish engineer (John Braid) turned the idea into a practical reality. The first pictures were black and white and were not very clear.
Early TV sets cost as much as a small car and few people bought them. In 1936 the original system was improved and the first regular TV programme was broadcast in Britain.
But the real TV revolution began in America after World War Two. Commercial stations began to open in almost every city. But still lots of people didn’t have TV sets as they were too expensive. That all changed in the 60s and 70s when more and more TV sets were sold and the importance of television grew quickly. In 1980 there appeared satellite television. Dozens of new channels are now available to anyone who buys a receiving “dish”.
3. The Invention of the Computer
One more important invention of our century is the computer. The first computer was invented by the English scientist Charles Babbage.
Nowadays nearly everything we do in the modern world is helped and controlled by computers. Computers are used so often because they are more efficient than human beings. They have better memories and can store a lot of information.
In fact, computers can do what we can do but faster and better. They can control different machines, foretell tomorrow’s weather, even play chess and compose music. Computers are widely used in various professions. We can find computers everywhere: in a library, in a travel agency, in a hotel, in a shop and in many other places.
To be sure, the technical progress will not stop but the machines will not be able to substitute everything including the human being.
4.The Invention of the Mobile (cellular) Phone
Modern mobile phone provides a lot of services, from being able to message anyone to immediate access to the internet. This convenience is one of the reasons why we use mobile phone every day and sometimes cannot imagine our life without it. However, we do not know that the name of the inventor of the first cellular phone, the talented American engineer Martin Cooper.
Martin Cooper, was born in Chicago on the 26th of December, 1928. He graduated from Illinois Institute of Technology in the early ’50s and worked in the electronic industry. Throughout his career he was awarded multiple patents for his work.
Among different inventions in mobile technology, the invention of a cell phone was the most significant one. Doctor Martin Cooper made it, while he was working for Motorola (1973). At that time the demand for such devices was very high and he was among many other people who were trying to create a similar type of mobile device.
The first cellular phone was named DynaTac 8000X by Motorola. It looked nothing like what we’re used to now — it was 10 inches long and weighed more than 2 pounds.
Omitting the process of the mobile phone evolution, let us say a few words about iPhones. These advanced devices have touchscreen technology, a good quality camera, and 3G network capabilities. They were launched into the market in 2007.
Since 1973, mobile phone technology and networks have come a long way and though Martin Cooper was the man that initially invented the cell phone, there are a lot of other inventors that played a crucial role in the cell phone’s creation.
The most famous of them are:
Alexander Graham Bell, the man that invented the first telephone.
Joel Engel, the main rival of Martin Cooper, who worked in the company called Bell Labs. Bell Labs and Motorola companies were in serious competition to manufacture mobile devices. Motorola won the tech war and the first mobile phone was named as DynaTac 8000X by Motorola.
5. The most famous scientists and their inventions (discoveries) in Britain and America
Isaak Newton (an English scientist) who lived in the 17th century is the founder of modern mathematics, physics and spectography. Newton discovered the law of motion and the universal law of gravitation.
The eighteenth century is noted for the Industrial Revolution in Britain and many inventions, most prominent of them is probably considered to be the invention of steam engine.
The nineteenth century is noted for the invention of electricity and the telephone.
6. Russia’s Achievements in Science and Technology
The most prominent Russian scientists (engineers) and their inventions are:
1. Mikhail Lomonosov who invented the telescope which helped him to study Venus and made a lot of achievements in astronomy and mineralogy;
2. Dmitry Mendeleev who created the periodic table of elements;
3. Ivan Pavlov who studied conditioned reflexes (условные рефлексы) in animals;
4. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky who created the theory of space flight;
5. Sergei Korolyov who designed the intercontinental missile, Sputnik satellite, and Vostok spacecraft;
6. Igor Kurchatov who made a lot of inventions in nuclear physics;
7. Andrei Sakharov who invented the hydrogen bomb (водородная бомба)
