Dmitry Mendeleyev / Дмитрий Менделеев (текст на английском с переводом, звуковая версия)
The Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleyev is regarded as the father of the periodic table of chemical elements.
Русский химик, Дмитрий Менделеев, считается отцом периодической таблицы химических элементов.
He studied all the elements known at the time
Он изучил все известные в то время элементы
and discovered that they showed a regular repetition of properties when arranged in a certain order.
и обнаружил, что они проявляют регулярные повторения свойств, когда расположены в определенном порядке.
He also predicted the discovery and properties of new elements.
Он также предсказал открытие и свойства новых элементов.
All of these have now been isolated and named;
Все они в настоящее время выделены и названы;
one, mendelevium, is named for Mendeleyev.
один из них, менделевиум, назван по имени Менделеева.
Mendeleyev also experimented with agricultural production based on scientific principles,
Менделеев также проводил эксперименты в сельскохозяйственном производстве, основанном на научных принципах,
increasing its efficiency to such an extent
поднимающих его производительность до таких размеров,
that his methods came to be applied in many Russian industries.
что эти методы стали применять во многих отраслях российской промышленности.
agricultural – сельскохозяйственный; аграрный, земледельческий
apply (applied; applied) – применять, использовать
arrange (arranged; arranged) – располагать
discover (discovered; discovered) – обнаруживать, открывать
efficiency – эффективность, результативность, действенность
extent – мера, степень, рамки, пределы
increasing – возрастающий, растущий
isolate (isolated; isolated) – отделять, выделять
name (named; named) – называть, упоминать, назначать
order – порядок, расположение в определённом порядке; последовательность, очерёдность
periodic table of chemical elements – периодическая таблица Менделеева
predict (predicted; predicted) – предсказывать, прогнозировать
property – свойство, качество
regard (regarded; regarded) – расценивать, рассматривать; считать (кем-л. / чем-л.)
regular – правильный, нормальный, регулярный, систематический
repetition – повторение
Дмитрий Менделеев биография на английском
Краткая биография Менделеева на английском языке изложена в этой статье.
Дмитрий Менделеев краткая биография на английском
Dmitri Mendeleyev was born in Tobolsk, Russia, on February 8, 1834. After receiving an education in science in Russia and Germany, he became a professor and conducted research in chemistry. Mendeleyev is best known for his discovery of the periodic law, which he introduced in 1869, and for his formulation of the periodic table of elements. He died in St. Petersburg, Russia, on February 2, 1907.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev was born on February 8, 1834, in the Siberian town of Tobolsk in Russia. His father, Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleyev, went blind around the time his final son was born, and died in 1847. The scientist’s mother, Mariya Dmitriyevna Kornileva, worked as the manager of a glass factory to support herself and her children. When the factory burned down in 1848, the family moved to St. Petersburg.
Mendeleyev attended the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg and graduated in 1855. After teaching in the Russian cities of Simferopol and Odessa, he returned to St. Petersburg to earn a master’s degree. Mendeleyev continued his studies abroad, with two years at the University of Heidelberg.
As a professor, Mendeleyev taught first at the St. Petersburg Technological Institute and then at the University of St. Petersburg, where he remained through 1890. Realizing he was in need of a quality textbook to cover the subject of inorganic chemistry, he put together one of his own, The Principles of Chemistry.
While he was researching and writing that book in the 1860s, Mendeleyev made the discovery that led to his most famous achievement. He noticed certain recurring patterns between different groups of elements and, using existing knowledge of the elements’ chemical and physical properties, he was able to make further connections. He systematically arranged the dozens of known elements by atomic weight in a grid-like diagram; following this system, he could even predict the qualities of still-unknown elements. In 1869, Mendeleyev formally presented his discovery of the periodic law to the Russian Chemical Society.
At first, Mendeleyev’s system had very few supporters in the international scientific community. It gradually gained acceptance over the following two decades with the discoveries of three new elements that possessed the qualities of his earlier predictions. In London in 1889, Mendeleyev presented a summary of his collected research in a lecture titled «The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements.» His diagram, known as the periodic table of elements, is still used today.
Beyond his theoretical work in chemistry, Mendeleyev was known for his more practical scientific studies, often for the benefit of the national economy. He was involved in research on Russian petroleum production, the coal industry and advanced agricultural methods, and he acted as a government consultant on issues ranging from new types of gunpowder to national tariffs.
Mendeleyev remained occupied with scientific activities after leaving his teaching post in 1890. He contributed numerous articles to the new Brockhaus Encyclopedia, and in 1893 he was named director of Russia’s new Central Board of Weights and Measures. He also oversaw multiple reprints of The Principles of Chemistry.
Mendeleyev was married twice, to Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva in 1862 and to Anna Ivanova Popova in 1882. He had a combined six children from those two marriages.
In the later years of his career, Mendeleyev was internationally recognized for his contributions to the field of chemistry. He received honorary awards from Oxford and Cambridge, as well as a medal from the Royal Society of London.
Mendeleyev died on February 2, 1907. At his funeral in St. Petersburg, his students carried a large copy of the periodic table of the elements as a tribute to his work.
Dmitri Mendeleev
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Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian in full Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, (born January 27 (February 8, New Style), 1834, Tobolsk, Siberia, Russian Empire—died January 20 (February 2), 1907, St. Petersburg, Russia), Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. Mendeleev found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within groups of elements. In his version of the periodic table of 1871, he left gaps in places where he believed unknown elements would find their place. He even predicted the likely properties of three of the potential elements. The subsequent proof of many of his predictions within his lifetime brought fame to Mendeleev as the founder of the periodic law.
What did Dmitri Mendeleev accomplish?
Dmitri Mendeleev devised the periodic classification of the chemical elements, in which the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight.
What was Dmitri Mendeleev’s early life like?
Dmitri Mendeleev’s parents were Ivan Mendeleev, a teacher, and Mariya Kornileva. Ivan went blind in 1834, the year Dmitri was born, and died in 1847. Mariya then ran a glass factory. However, the factory burned down in 1848, and Dmitri moved to St. Petersburg to continue his education.
What was Dmitri Mendeleev’s occupation?
In 1865 Dmitri Mendeleev became professor of chemical technology at the University of St. Petersburg. He became professor of general chemistry there in 1867, teaching until 1890.
Early life and education
Mendeleev was born in the small Siberian town of Tobolsk as the last of 14 surviving children (or 13, depending on the source) of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, a teacher at the local gymnasium, and Mariya Dmitriyevna Kornileva. Dmitri’s father became blind in the year of Dmitri’s birth and died in 1847. To support the family, his mother turned to operating a small glass factory owned by her family in a nearby town. The factory burned down in December 1848, and Dmitri’s mother took him to St. Petersburg, where he enrolled in the Main Pedagogical Institute. His mother died soon after, and Mendeleev graduated in 1855. He got his first teaching position at Simferopol in Crimea. He stayed there only two months and, after a short time at the lyceum of Odessa, decided to go back to St. Petersburg to continue his education. He received a master’s degree in 1856 and began to conduct research in organic chemistry. Financed by a government fellowship, he went to study abroad for two years at the University of Heidelberg. Instead of working closely with the prominent chemists of the university, including Robert Bunsen, Emil Erlenmeyer, and August Kekulé, he set up a laboratory in his own apartment. In September 1860 he attended the International Chemistry Congress in Karlsruhe, convened to discuss such crucial issues as atomic weights, chemical symbols, and chemical formulas. There he met and established contacts with many of Europe’s leading chemists. In later years Mendeleev would especially remember a paper circulated by the Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro that clarified the notion of atomic weights.
In 1861 Mendeleev returned to St. Petersburg, where he obtained a professorship at the Technological Institute in 1864. After the defense of his doctoral dissertation in 1865 he was appointed professor of chemical technology at the University of St. Petersburg (now St. Petersburg State University). He became professor of general chemistry in 1867 and continued to teach there until 1890.
Formulation of the periodic law
As he began to teach inorganic chemistry, Mendeleev could not find a textbook that met his needs. Since he had already published a textbook on organic chemistry in 1861 that had been awarded the prestigious Demidov Prize, he set out to write another one. The result was Osnovy khimii (1868–71; The Principles of Chemistry), which became a classic, running through many editions and many translations. When Mendeleev began to compose the chapter on the halogen elements (chlorine and its analogs) at the end of the first volume, he compared the properties of this group of elements to those of the group of alkali metals such as sodium. Within these two groups of dissimilar elements, he discovered similarities in the progression of atomic weights, and he wondered if other groups of elements exhibited similar properties. After studying the alkaline earths, Mendeleev established that the order of atomic weights could be used not only to arrange the elements within each group but also to arrange the groups themselves. Thus, in his effort to make sense of the extensive knowledge that already existed of the chemical and physical properties of the chemical elements and their compounds, Mendeleev discovered the periodic law.
His newly formulated law was announced before the Russian Chemical Society in March 1869 with the statement “elements arranged according to the value of their atomic weights present a clear periodicity of properties.” Mendeleev’s law allowed him to build up a systematic table of all the 70 elements then known. He had such faith in the validity of the periodic law that he proposed changes to the generally accepted values for the atomic weight of a few elements and predicted the locations within the table of unknown elements together with their properties. At first the periodic system did not raise interest among chemists. However, with the discovery of the predicted elements, notably gallium in 1875, scandium in 1879, and germanium in 1886, it began to win wide acceptance. Gradually the periodic law and table became the framework for a great part of chemical theory. By the time Mendeleev died in 1907, he enjoyed international recognition and had received distinctions and awards from many countries.
Dmitri Mendeleyev
Who Was Dmitri Mendeleyev?
After receiving an education in science in Russia and Germany, Dmitri Mendeleyev became a professor and conducted research in chemistry. Mendeleyev is best known for his discovery of the periodic law, which he introduced in 1869, and for his formulation of the periodic table of elements. He died in St. Petersburg, Russia, on February 2, 1907.
Youth and Education
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev was born on February 8, 1834, in the Siberian town of Tobolsk in Russia. His father, Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleyev, went blind around the time his final son was born, and died in 1847. The scientist’s mother, Mariya Dmitriyevna Kornileva, worked as the manager of a glass factory to support herself and her children. When the factory burned down in 1848, the family moved to St. Petersburg.
Mendeleyev attended the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg and graduated in 1855. After teaching in the Russian cities of Simferopol and Odessa, he returned to St. Petersburg to earn a master’s degree. Mendeleyev continued his studies abroad, with two years at the University of Heidelberg.
Discovery of the Periodic Law
As a professor, Mendeleyev taught first at the St. Petersburg Technological Institute and then at the University of St. Petersburg, where he remained through 1890. Realizing he was in need of a quality textbook to cover the subject of inorganic chemistry, he put together one of his own, The Principles of Chemistry.
While he was researching and writing that book in the 1860s, Mendeleyev made the discovery that led to his most famous achievement. He noticed certain recurring patterns between different groups of elements and, using existing knowledge of the elements’ chemical and physical properties, he was able to make further connections. He systematically arranged the dozens of known elements by atomic weight in a grid-like diagram; following this system, he could even predict the qualities of still-unknown elements. In 1869, Mendeleyev formally presented his discovery of the periodic law to the Russian Chemical Society.
At first, Mendeleyev’s system had very few supporters in the international scientific community. It gradually gained acceptance over the following two decades with the discoveries of three new elements that possessed the qualities of his earlier predictions. In London in 1889, Mendeleyev presented a summary of his collected research in a lecture titled «The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements.» His diagram, known as the periodic table of elements, is still used today.
Other Achievements and Activities
Beyond his theoretical work in chemistry, Mendeleyev was known for his more practical scientific studies, often for the benefit of the national economy. He was involved in research on Russian petroleum production, the coal industry and advanced agricultural methods, and he acted as a government consultant on issues ranging from new types of gunpowder to national tariffs.
Mendeleyev remained occupied with scientific activities after leaving his teaching post in 1890. He contributed numerous articles to the new Brockhaus Encyclopedia, and in 1893 he was named director of Russia’s new Central Board of Weights and Measures. He also oversaw multiple reprints of The Principles of Chemistry.
Mendeleyev was married twice, to Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva in 1862 and to Anna Ivanova Popova in 1882. He had a combined six children from those two marriages.
Later Years and Legacy
In the later years of his career, Mendeleyev was internationally recognized for his contributions to the field of chemistry. He received honorary awards from Oxford and Cambridge, as well as a medal from the Royal Society of London.
Death
Mendeleyev died on February 2, 1907. At his funeral in St. Petersburg, his students carried a large copy of the periodic table of the elements as a tribute to his work.
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Biography of Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev / Биография Дмитрия Ивановича Менделеева
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 – 1906) was a Russian chemist who became a professor at Saint Petersburg University. He is best known for identifying properties of elements and the creation of the periodic table of elements, which is still used today. Mendeleev devoted a great part of his life to the study of solutions, catalysis, and petroleum. He also wrote many works, including Principles of Chemistry.
Dmitri Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in Tobolsk, a town in the western part of Siberia. He was probably the last of seventeen children (some sources suggest, however, that he was the last of fourteen children) born to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleev. Dmitri’s father Ivan taught literature and was a head-master of an advanced secondary school, called a gymnasium. Unfortunately, Ivan lost his sight and died when Dmitri was still a young boy. His mother received a small pension, but it was not enough money to provide for her family. However, Maria was a resourceful woman and she managed to re-open a glass factory that had previously belonged to one of her relatives. Disaster struck when Dmitri was 15, and the glass factory was destroyed by fire. Consequently, Maria and her son moved to Moscow, where she hoped her son would attend university. Unfortunately, their plan failed and Dmitri entered the Main Pedagogical Institute, where gymnasium teachers were educated. He studied mathematics, physics, and chemistry and was awarded the medal of excellence for being first in his class.
Due to his poor health, he moved to Simferopol (in southern Russia) and became a teacher in the local gymnasium. Unluckily, his career was interrupted by the Crimean War, and the gymnasium where he worked was converted into a hospital. Mendeleev moved back to Saint Petersburg, where he became employed as an assistant in the General Chemistry Cathedral of the University. After two years, in 1857, he began delivering lectures for students.
In January, 1859, Mendeleev moved and spent two years abroad. At the beginning, he studied in Paris under the supervision of Professor Henri Victor Regnault. Later, he travelled to Heidelberg, where he continued his research, this time studying the solutions under the guidance of Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff.
In 1860, Dmitri attended the Karlsruhe Congress, where he met many leading chemists of that time. Undoubtedly, it had a tremendous impact on young Mendeleev, because only two years after this event he wrote his dissertation “On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol” and became a professor of chemistry at the University in Saint Petersburg. During this time he also wrote a comprehensive textbook on organic chemistry.
As a professor, Mendeleev was highly respected and valued by his students: he was eloquent, brave and, most importantly, he was viewed as a moral and scientific authority. His lectures were attended by a great number of students from numerous departments, who were literally fighting for seats. When Mendeleev walked into classrooms he was greeted by silence, which turned immediately into standing ovations.
Influenced by his family, Dmitri proposed marriage to Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva in 1861. Soon after the engagement, they were married in the Naval cathedral of Saint Nicholas in Saint Petersburg. They had two children together: Vladimir and Olga. Unfortunately, because of personality differences, their marriage ended in divorce.
Mendeleev’s work at the university ended unexpectedly. Having sided with his students over a dispute, he handed the Minister of Education a petition in which the students had presented numerous demands. After being punished for his action, he resigned from the university position and was appointed as the Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. He remained at this position for the rest of his life. His research influenced many different areas of science. His works were related to the theory of solutions, mass, weight, and gases. He also presented a hypothesis regarding Abiogenic Petroleum Origin, and predicted the possibility of extracting many important chemical compounds out of petroleum. Dmitri also made his mark in the field of physics, natural sciences, and economics. Mendeleev was interested in solar eclipses, the movements of the pendulum clock, the existence of the cosmic ether, mining, and expeditions in the polar ice. Among his many publications is even a thesis about Russian customs tariffs.
His most important achievement is considered to be the discovery of the periodic table of elements. Mendeleev’s classification was based on the periodic law. The periodic law did not determine the length of the period, but presented the existence of a recurring pattern in the properties of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic weights.
In 1869, the Russian Chemical Society announced the first information about his discovery and the Society’s newspaper presented his article “The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements.” A year later, Dmitri wrote another detailed article regarding the periodic law.
Mendeleev claimed that the division into octaves used by English chemist John Alexander Reina Newlands in 1865 could not be applied to all chemical elements. He thought that after the first two octaves, each consisting of seven chemical elements (noble gases were unknown at that time), come groups consisting of seventeen elements. Another notable achievement was discovering that the lack of pattern in the arrangement of the elements was not due to the periodic system, but because of mistakes in the evaluation of the atomic weight of these elements. Mendeleev proved this after conducting numerous experiments on chemical elements. By doing so, the periodic system was fully vindicated.
Whenever Dmitri came across a new chemical element whose properties were entirely different from other elements in its group, he left a gap and placed the element among similar ones in another group. It enabled him to predict the characteristics of elements that were virtually unknown at the time. Mendeleev named some of these elements eka-boron, eka-aluminum and eka-silicon.
When the elements that Mendeleev had predicted where eventually discovered, Mendeleev’s periodic table of elements was proven correct. Since its development, the periodic table of elements has laid the foundations for the development of chemistry as we know it. It has brought order and coherence. The table itself is flexible and is still developing. Even Dmitri knew that his discovery was not a finished product.
Mendeleev died at the age of 72 in Saint Petersburg. A crater on the Moon, a planetoid, and the radioactive element number 101 were named in his honor.
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