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Сегодня баскетбол является одним из наиболее популяризованных мировых видов спорта. В него играют как мужчины, так и женщины. Если говорить о профессиональной игре, то в нее играют две команды на площадке по пять игроков. Те, кто просто устраивают уличный баскетбол с друзьями, могут включить в свою команду столько людей, сколько захотят. Это отличный способ тренировки и веселого времяпровождения.
История этой игры довольно интересна. Все началось в Спрингфилде (США) в 1891 году. Один из самых влиятельных тренеров, доктор Джеймс Нейсмит, был приглашен тренировать студентов и придумывать новые легко запоминающиеся игры. Игра, которую он предложил, быстро стала популярной в 20-м веке, так как она способствовала развитию командного духа. Сегодня это неотъемлемая часть спортивной культуры, собирающая миллионы поклонников по всему миру.
Поначалу было тринадцать общих правил, составленных Нейсмитом. Правила были весьма жесткими, поэтому играть в эту игру было вовсе нелегко. Например, игрокам не разрешалось бегать по площадке с мячом или держать его обеими руками. Они должны были бросать его исключительно с того места, где поймали его. Толкаться или задевать плечами не разрешалось. Любое из этих действий могло быть принято как фол. Самая первая игра была сыграна с двумя корзинами для персика, что сегодня звучит смешно. Они также использовали футбольный мяч вместо мяча сферической формы.
Многое изменилось с тех пор, но основная идея игры сохранилась. Для того чтобы выиграть в эту игру команда должна набрать как можно больше очков. В случае если обе команды сыграли вничью, добавляется дополнительное время. Сегодня к этой игре применимо много других правил. Например, одна из общепринятых форм обращения с мячом, это его ведение по площадке. Существует целый свод правил, касающихся этого действия. Просто нести в руках мяч по площадке или перебрасывать его заново считается нарушением. Еще одним важным правилом является то, что по мячу нельзя бить ногой, как в футболе.
Обычная игра в баскетбол может длиться до двух часов. Она состоит из четырех 10-12 минутных частей. Дополнительные пять минут могут быть добавлены, если было сыграно вничью. Одной из важных составляющих в этой игре является тематическая униформа. Игроки обычно надевают майку и шорты. У каждого на футболке отмечен уникальный идентификационный номер вместе с именем и символом команды. Сегодня на одежде игроков могут быть также отметки от спонсоров.
В заключение, хотелось бы отметить, что баскетбол является высокоэффективным командным видом спорта. С 1936 года он входит в список Олимпийских игр. Изобретатель игры Джеймс Нейсмит лично награждал первых медалистов. На сегодняшний день существует множество вариаций баскетбола, например, стритбол, водный баскетбол, баскетбол на колясках, нетбол и т.д. Примечательно то, что баскетбол на колясках является полноценным медальным спортом в летних Паралимпийских играх.
Basketball is among the world’s most popularized sports nowadays. It’s played by both men and women. If speaking about the professional game, it involves two teams comprising of five players on a ground. Those who simply arrange street basketball with friends can have as many people in their team as they want. It’s a great way of exercising and fun pastime.
The history of this game is rather interesting. It all started in 1891 in Springfield, USA. One of the most influential coaches, Dr. James Naismith, was invited to train the students and to think of a catchy new game. The game he offered quickly became popular in the 20th century as it involved team spirit development. Today it’s an integral part of sports culture and has millions of fans across the world.
At first there were thirteen common rules made up by Naismith. The rules were quite strict, so it wasn’t easy to play the game. For example, the players were not allowed to run across the playground with a ball or to hold it with both hands. They had to throw it solely from the point they caught it. No shouldering or pushing was allowed. Any of these acts could be taken as a foul. The very first game was played with two peach baskets, which sounds funny today. They also used a soccer ball instead of a spherical inflated ball.
Many things have changed since then, but the main idea of the game hasn’t. The team should score as many goals as they can to win the game. In case both teams end in a draw, additional time is added to break it. There are many other rules that apply to this game nowadays. For example, one of the accepted forms of ball advancing is dribbling. There is a whole set of rules concerning this action. It is against the rules to simply carry the ball across the playground or to double-dribble. Another important rule is that the ball cannot be kicked like in football.
Regular game of basketball can last up to two hours. It consists of four 10-12 minute quarters. Additional five minutes can be added if it’s a tie (draw). One of the most important items in this game is a thematic uniform. The players usually wear a jersey and a pair of shorts. Each of them has a unique identification number along with a name and a team symbol on the jersey. Today there can also be some marks from game sponsors on players’ outfit.
In conclusion, I would like to mention that basketball is a very spectacular team sport. It is included in Olympics since 1936. The inventor of the game James Naismith personally awarded the first medalists. Today there are many variations of basketball, such as streetball, water basketball, wheelchair basketball, netball, etc. In fact, wheelchair basketball is a full medal sport in the Summer Paralympics.
Баскетбол
Basketball is one of the most popular sport that attracts many people all over the world. The game of basketball was invented on December 21, 1891 in the United States of America. It was fashioned from fragments of other games.
Basketball is mostly an indoor game played on a special court that is fifteen meters wide and twenty-nine meters long. There are two backboards at each end of the court. The baskets which players should shoot the ball through are on the backboards.
The floor is made of wood. There are many important lines on the court: midcourt line, the center circle, sidelines and the others. The ball for this game is made of leather and its circumference is equal to seventy-six sm.
Basketball team consists of five players: a center, two forwards and two guards. The main player on any team is the center. He is the tallest and well-aimed and he can dominate a game.
The guards are low players but they can run very quickly. They usually play long away from the backboards.
Forwards are taller and stronger than guards. They are excellent rebounders and play near the backboards.
Players must score points by shooting the ball through the basket. For example, when the player shoots a basket from behind the three-point line, his team gets three points. Players can move the ball by bouncing it. If a player stops bouncing the ball, the referee gives it to other team.
A basketball game is divided into four parts. Each quarter is twelve minutes long with fifteen-minute break between quarters. If a game ends in a tie, then it will get extended to a 5 minutes overtime.
The referee can call a personal foul, if the player pushes or hits another player when he is trying to shoot the ball.
NBA (the National Basketball Association) is a men’s professional league and the best players compete in its teams. The NBA chooses new young players from the best teams of colleges and high schools every year.
Баскетбол – это один из самых популярных видов спорта, который привлекает внимание многих людей по всему миру. Баскетбол был изобретен 21 декабря 1891 в Соединенных Штатах Америки. Он был создан из фрагментов других игр.
Баскетбол – это в основном игра в помещении, в нее играют на особом корте длиной 15 метров и шириной – 29. На каждом конце корта есть два щита. Корзинки, в которые игроки должны забросить мяч, находятся на щитах.
Пол сделан из дерева. На нем нанесено много важных линий: средняя линия, центральный круг, боковые линии и другие. Мяч для этой игры сделан из кожи и имеет окружность равную 76 см.
Баскетбольная команда состоит из 5 игроков: центровой, 2 защитника и 2 нападающих. Самый главный игрок в любой команде – это центровой. Он самый высокий и меткий и способен управлять игрой.
Защитники – невысокие игроки, но они бегают очень быстро. Они обычно играют далеко от щитов.
Нападающие выше и сильнее защитников. Они хорошо отбивают и играют возле щитов.
Игроки должны набирать очки, попадая мячом в корзину. Например, когда игрок попадает в корзину, находясь за трехочковой линией, его команда получает три очка. Игроки могут перемещать мяч, отбивая его от пола. Если игрок останавливается, судья передает мяч другой команде.
Игра в баскетбол делится на 4 части. Каждая четверть длится по 12 минут, между ними есть 15-минутные перерывы. Если игра оканчивается в ничью, ей добавляют 5 минут дополнительного времени.
Судья может назначить игроку фол, если он ударит или толкнет другого игрока, пытающегося забить мяч.
NBA (Национальная Баскетбольная Ассоциация) – мужская профессиональная лига и только лучшие игроки могут противостоять ее командам. NBA набирает новых молодых игроков из лучших команд колледжей и высших школ каждый год.
History of Basketball
Introduction
Basketball is an extremely popular all around the world. The object is to put a ball through a hoop, or basket, and thus score more points than the opposing team. Teams comprise of ten players, with a maximum of five on court at any one time. Substitutions are unlimited during the course of the game. Although basketball can be played outdoors, it was invented to serve as an exciting indoor exercise for the winter months in a northern climate. It quickly became a spectator sport, however, and now attracts large audiences to gymnasiums and arenas, especially in the United States, South America, and Europe.
The sport is played on the amateur level by schools, colleges, other groups, and, since 1936 by national teams in the Olympic Games. It also is played by professional athletes, notably in the United States and Europe.
The foremost American championships contended for are those of the National Basketball Association (NBA) for professionals, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for colleges. Britain has National Associations for each country and the English Basketball Association (EBBA) runs amateur national competitions, the National Basketball League (NBL) is run by Basketball League Ltd for professionals. International competion is organised by the Federation of International Basketball (FIBA).
The Early Days.
It all started with two peach baskets in a YMCA in Massachusetts.
In 1891 James A Naismith (1861-1939), a leader of the Springfield YMCA, was thinking about ways of providing exercise for the young men in his care. As a physical education instructor he taught gymnastics, however he was looking for something new. He had the idea of nailing peach baskets onto the balconies as goals, at either end of the gymnasium and throwing a soccer ball into it from below.
So a National and International game was born.
In 1892 he published the first booklet containing the basic rules, almost unchanged today (although expanded upon considerably!). These rules were adopted by the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union.
Word spread quickly amongst YMCA’s in the Eastern United States about this new game. It took off so rapidly that the first intercollegiate game was played in 1897, and the first professional league in the following year. The Eastern Intercollegiate League was formed shortly afterwards, in 1902. Women also took up the game before 1900.
The growing popularity of basketball resulted in improvements in equipment and skills. The metal hoop was introduced in 1893, and backboards in 1895. The soccer ball was replaced by the first basketball. As playing skills also became more sophisticated, the game attracted more and more spectators.
Until the late 1930s, scores were low, sometimes in single digits. After each score, opposing centers (one of the five positions, the others being two guards and two forwards) lined up in the middle of the court and jumped for the ball. Then the team that got the ball would pass or dribble until a player was about 3 m (10 ft) from the basket before trying a shot. The slow pace did not inhibit the growth of the game, however. By the 1920s, basketball was being played all over the United States, and tournaments were being conducted in high school and college gymnasiums. Most states held high school championships for boys.
The Rise of the Modern Game
Several events in the 1930s spurred the growth of the game as a spectator sport and at the same time made basketball more exciting for the players. The first of these came in the 1932-33 season (basketball seasons tend to run from Autumn through to Spring) rules designed to speed up play were adopted. It became mandatory, under penalty of losing possession, to move the ball past midcourt in less than ten seconds. In addition, no player was permitted to remain within the foul lanes for more than three seconds. Then in 1934 a New York sportswriter, Ned Irish, persuaded the promoters at New York’s Madison Square Garden, a large arena, to schedule doubleheaders between college teams. These events proved successful, and similar promotions followed in other cities. Before long, colleges began building their own arenas for basketball.
Another significant advance occurred in 1936, when a Stanford University team traveled from California to a Madison Square Garden promotion to challenge the eastern powers in the «cradle of basketball.» Opponents and fans were stunned by the Stanford style of shooting—one-handed while jumping, which contrasted to the prevalent method of taking two-handed shots while standing still. One Stanford player, Hank Luisetti, was so adept at the «jump shot» that he could outscore an entire opposing team. The new style gained universal acceptance, and basketball scores rose remarkably.
In the 1937-38 season the center jump following each field goal was eliminated. At the end of the next season, Madison Square Garden brought in college teams from around the nation for the National Invitation Tournament (NIT), a postseason playoff that was adopted (1939) on a wider scale by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Although the NIT is still held annually, the NCAA tournament serves as the official intercollegiate championship.
The University of Kentucky (coached, 1930-72, by Adolph Rupp), St. John’s (in New York), the University of North Carolina, Western Kentucky, Kansas University, and Indiana University have been among the leading college basketball teams for years. From 1964 to 1975 the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), coached by John Wooden and led by the centers Lew Alcindor and Bill Walton, dominated the intercollegiate play-offs, winning the title an unprecedented 10 times in 12 years. The 1,250 college teams in the United States now draw about 30 million spectators per season.
Although women have played the game since the 1890s, and even though a few states (Iowa, for instance) have shown great participatory and spectator interest in secondary-school women’s basketball for some decades, significant growth and serious recognition of women’s basketball in the United States and elsewhere did not occur until the 1970s. Almost all U.S. states now hold girls’ high school tournaments, and basketball is the fastest-growing women’s intercollegiate sport.
Professional Basketball
From 1898 on, many attempts were made to establish professional basketball as a spectator sport-but success did not come until 1946. The best of the early efforts was made by the Harlem Globetrotters, an all-black team that toured first only the United States and then internationally to play local professional or semi-professional teams. The Globetrotters, founded in 1926, were not affiliated with a league. Their style was and is often showy because, at least into the early 1950s, they could dominate all opponents.
In 1946 serious professional basketball had acquired a following among American sports fans, who wanted to see the former collegians in action. That year the Basketball Association of America, with teams from the United States and one from Toronto, began competing in large arenas in the major cities. Another professional league, the National Basketball League, was already in existence, with many franchises in medium-sized midwestern cities. The two leagues merged in 1949 as the National Basketball Association (NBA) and pared away the weaker franchises.
Modern Times
With the signing of the country’s best collegians through what was called a player draft, the NBA could display both talent and balance. The NBA’s greatest spurt of growth occurred in the 1960s and ’70s. Although the Boston Celtics, led by Bill Russel, Bob Cousy, and John Havlicek and coached by Red Auerbach, won 11 of 13 NBA titles beginning in 1957, fans also closely followed such stars as Philadelphia’s Wilt Chamberlain, Cincinnati’s Oscar Robertson, and Los Angeles’s Jerry West and Elgin Baylor. The NBA of the 1970s and 1980s exhibited a welcome balance of power: from 1970 until 1988 no team won consecutive NBA titles, though the New York Knicks (with Willis Reed, Walt Frazier, and Bill Bradley) won twice; the Boston Celtics, 5 times (3 with Larry Bird); and the Los Angeles Lakers, 6 times (5 with Magic Johnson).
In the 1970s the NBA expanded from 9 teams to 22. Some of the new franchises were acquired when the American Basketball Association (1968-76) merged with the NBA. Also, a Dallas franchise was added in 1980; Charlotte, Carolina, and Miami, in 1988; and Minnesota and Orlando, in 1989.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s several women’s professional leagues were begun; all of them failed financially. Women in the USA are currently under the WNBA.
The NBA today enjoys a massive worldwide following, and European basketball is fast emerging. to challenge the domination of the Americans. Watch this space.
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The History of Basketball
I am going to tell you about one of the most popular games. It is basketball.
The game of basketball has evolved a great deal throughout the years. Basketball was invented on December 21,1891. The inventor of the game was a Canadian clergyman, James Naismith.
The game of basketball was fashioned from fragments of other games, seeking to eliminate flaws of rugby, soccer.
Basketball was first played in the United States. In fact, the first game was played at one training school, now called Springfield College.
Basketball is a simple game. The equipment used in the game is also very simple. In addition to the field itself, all that is needed for a game is a ball. The very first ball that was used was a soccer ball until 1894 when an actual «basketball» was invented. The basketball ball was slightly smaller, about 30 inches in diameter. The first baskets that were used, were two peach baskets hung from the balcony of the gymnasium.
In 1893, the backboard was invented. The first backboard was constructed out of wire mesh, then wood and now it is made out of glass so the backboard does not interfere with the viewing of the game. Around that time, there was no name for this game.
By 1906, the peach baskets were replaced by metal baskets with holes in the bottom. This was better than in the early days, when a ladder was used to climb and fetch the ball out of the basket. Finally, in 1913 a hoop with a net was invented. In my opinion, the invention of the hoop and net was a major step in the developing of the game of basketball. Due to the free falling ball, the game’s tempo increased, which allowed the game of basketball to develop even more.
In 1921, one man named the game «basketball» and it has been called basketball ever since.
In the very beginning Naismith introduced thirteen original rules for the game of basketball, in which 12 out of the 13 original rules were still used up to 1934. The only rule, which changed, was that a player was now allowed to dribble a basketball. The rule of dribbling the basketball was first used in 1896 at a basketball game at Yale University. With the introduction of the 13 original rules, Naismith created four fundamental principals, which stayed in the game from 1891to 1937. These four fundamental principals stated, players with the ball must not make progress, the goal is above the head of the players, roughness is eliminated and a player may not receive the ball by use of contact.
Through the years of 1891 to the 1940’s there were many rule changes as well as addition of rules to the game of basketball. By 1898, basketball leagues were starting to form in the United States. In 1898, professional basketball was being played. The league was called the National Basketball League (NBL). The National Basketball League was made up of four teams like New York, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New Jersey.
By 1932 basketball was officially gaining international status with the founding of the International Amateur Basketball Federation in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1946, the Basketball Association of America was formed but it did not go far well because it was competing against the National Basketball League. But in 1949, the Basketball Association of America and the National Basketball League joined together.
They changed their name to the National Basketball Association (NBA). Throughout the formation of the league there were many rules that were added to the game of basketball In 1930’s, Kenny Sailor invented the jump shot. Also in the 1940’s, Bob Kurland used block- shots. In 1952 the foul lane was widened and the three-second rule was put into affect, so centres could not station themselves in front of the basket all the time. During the 1950’s the National Basketball Association was on the rise. During the 1970’s and 198G’s the expansion of the NBA had gone wild. In the mid 1980’s and early 1990’s Michael Jordan, who was one of the greatest players in NBA history, dominated the game and took it to a wholly new level.
At this time, basketball was increasing in popularity. Nowadays it is played by 176 nations.
История баскетбола
Я собираюсь рассказать вам об одной очень популярной игре. Это — баскетбол.
Игра баскетбол развивалась в течение многих лет. Баскетбол был изобретен 21 декабря 1891 года. Изобретателем игры был канадский священнослужитель Джеймс Найсмит.
Игра баскетбол была создана из фрагментов других игр, с целью устранения недостатков регби, футбола.
Впервые в баскетбол сыграли в Соединенных Штатах в одной из спортивных школ, которая теперь называется Спрингфилдский колледж.
Баскетбол — это простая игра. Снаряжение, используемое в баскетболе, также очень простое. В дополнение к самому полю все, что необходимо для игры, — это мяч. До 1894 года, когда и был изобретен баскетбольный мяч, в игре использовался футбольный мяч. Баскетбольный мяч был немного меньше, приблизительно 30 дюймов в диаметре. Первые корзины, которые использовались в то время, были размером с две корзины из под персиков, которые подвешивались на балкон гимнастического зала.
В1893 году был изобретен баскетбольный щит. Первый баскетбольный щит был построен из проволочной сетки,
позже — из дерева, а теперь он сделан из стекла, так что его задняя часть не мешает смотреть игру. В то время для этой игры не было никакого названия.
К 1906 году корзины из под персиков были заменены металлическими корзинами с отверстиями в основании. Это улучшило игру, тогда как раньше приходилось использовать лестницу, чтобы подняться и вынуть мяч из корзины. Наконец, в 1913 году был изобретен обруч с сеткой. По моему мнению, изобретение обруча и сетки было решающим шагом в развитии игры баскетбол. Из-за свободного выпадения мяча темп игры увеличился, что позволило баскетболу развиваться еще быстрее.
В 1921 году один человек назвал игру «баскетболом», и с тех пор игра стала называться баскетболом.
В самом начале Нейсмит ввел 13 базовых правил для игры в баскетбол, двенадцать из которых так и использовались вплоть до 1934 года. Единственное правило, которое изменилось, состояло в том, что теперь игроку позволялось вести баскетбольный мяч. Правило ведения баскетбольного мяча впервые было использовано в 1896 году в Йельском университете. С введением 13 первоначальных правил, Нейсмит создал четыре фундаментальных принципа игры, которые использовались в игре с 1891 по 1937 год. Эти четыре фундаментальных принципа гласили, что игроки, остановившиеся с мячом, не должны двигаться дальше; цель находится выше голов игроков; грубость не применима и игрок не может получить мяч при помощи силового контакта.
С 1891 года до сороковых годов двадцатого столетия было сделано множество изменений в правилах, в игру были введены дополнительные правила. К 1898 году в Соединенных Штатах начали формироваться баскетбольные лиги. В1898 начали играть в профессиональный баскетбол. Лига получила название Национальной лиги баскетбола (NBL). Национальная лига баскетбола состояла из четырех команд: команды Нью-Йорка, Филадельфии, Бруклина и Нью-Джерси.
К1932 году, с основанием Международной любительской федерации баскетбола в Женеве, Швейцария; баскетбол официально получил международный статус. В1946 году была сформирована Американская ассоциация баскетбола, но из этого ничего хорошего не получилось, потому что она составляла конкуренцию Национальной лиге баскетбола. Но в 1949 году Американская ассоциация баскетбола и Национальная лига баскетбола объединились.
Они сменили свое название на Национальную ассоциацию баскетбола (NBA). За все время становления баскетбола в игру было добавлено много новых правил» В 1930-х годах Кении Сей лор изобрел бросок в прыжке; В 1940-х Боб Курланд использовал блок-шоты. В1952 году была расширена штрафная зона и введено правило трехсекундной зоны, так что центровые не могли находиться перед корзиной продолжительное время. В течение 1950-х годов Национальная ассоциация баскетбола процветала. В течение 1970-х и 1980-х расширение NBA стало неимоверно стремительным. В середине 1980-х и в начале 1990-х Майкл Джордан стал одним из величайших игроков в истории NBA, непревзойденным королем игры и поднял игру до совершенно другого уровня.
В это время популярность баскетбола росла. В настоящее время в баскетбол играют 176 наций.
1. When was the game of basketball invented?
2. Where was the first game of basketball played?
3. What was the first basketball ball?
4. When was an actual «basketball» ball invented?
5. When were basketball hoop and net invented?
6. How many original rules were there in the game of basketball when it was invented?
7. When was the first professional basketball match played?
8. When did the game of basketball officially gain its international status?
9. How and when did the National Basketball Association appear?
10. Who invented the jump shot?
11. When was the three-point line introduced?
