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Сочинение на английском языке Древние цивилизации/ Ancient Civilizations с переводом на русский язык
На английском языке. Ancient Civilizations
It is known that there have been numerous ancient civilizations and empires throughout history. They have largely contributed to the development of science, technology, medicine and to the general prosperity of humans. I think that those ancient cultures are the foundation of who we are today. The Paleolithic Period was the earliest era of human development. People then didn’t worry about many things. They lived a simple life of sleeping, hunting and eating. But as time passed, humans have evolved. Soon, they could build some structures, make some clothing, survive in dangerous surrounding and even use herbal medications. People started seeking for immortality long ago, but were unable to attain it. It was written in the world’s first epic poem about Gilgamesh. One thing that united all ancient civilizations was the use of symbols or hieroglyphs in writing. Many ancient cultures made inscriptions on walls, rocks or trees to transfer information and to communicate in such way. Although the languages they used are mostly dead, some modern cultures still use hieroglyphs. For example, Hebrew and Arabic alphabets were derived from ancient civilizations. Mayan civilization is also an interesting example. They are considered to be the representatives of Mesoamerican region. The Maya people were known for their fully developed written language, distinct art, architecture, mathematical and astronomical systems. They even had an advanced calendar, which was used to track certain periods of time. Many ancient societies worshipped several idols, gods and goddesses. It is especially true about ancient Egyptians. They built huge temples for their beloved gods, sacrificed things, and erected pyramids. In conclusion, I’d like to add that being so different from us, ancient civilization cultures still used the same patterns of human behavior as modern societies do.
Перевод на русский язык. Древние цивилизации
Известно, что на протяжении всей истории существовало много древних цивилизаций и империй. Они внесли большой вклад в развитие науки, техники, медицины и к всеобщему процветанию людей. Я думаю, что эти древние культуры являются основой того, кем мы являемся сегодня. Период палеолита был самым ранним этапом развития человечества. Людей тогда не беспокоили многие вещи. Они жили простой жизнью: спали, охотились и ели. Но с течением времени, люди эволюционировали. Вскоре они могли уже строить сооружения, создавать одежду, выживать в опасном окружении и даже использовать лекарства на основе трав. Люди с давних времен искали бессмертия, но не могли достичь его. Об этом повествовала первая в мире эпическая поэма о Гильгамеше. Одна вещь, которая объединяла все древние цивилизации, это использование символов или иероглифов в письменной речи. Многие древние культуры оставляли надписи на стенах, камнях или деревьях, чтобы передавать информацию и таким образом общаться. Несмотря на то, что языки, которые они использовали, в основном уже мертвы, некоторые современные культуры до сих пор используют иероглифы. Например, иврит и арабский алфавит имеют древнее происхождение. Еще один интересный пример – это цивилизация Майя. Это были представители региона Центральной Америки. Майя славились своей полностью развитой письменностью, отличным искусством, архитектурой, математической и астрономической системами. У них даже был продвинутый календарь, который использовался для отслеживания определенных периодов времени. Многие древние общества поклонялись нескольким идолам, богам и богиням. Это особенно верно в отношении древних египтян. Они строили огромные храмы для своих любимых богов, занимались жертвоприношением и возводили пирамиды. В заключение я хотел бы добавить, что, даже отличаясь от нас, культуры древних цивилизаций все же использовали те же модели человеческого поведения, что и современные общества.
Древняя Греция (Ancient Greece)
Many western words, ideas, and sources of entertainment have their roots in the world of ancient Greece. About 2,500 years ago, the Greeks set up a society that became the most influential in the world. Greek architects designed a style of building that is copied to this day. Greek philosophers asked searching questions about life that are still discussed. The modern theater is founded on the ancient Greek plays that were performed thousands of years ago.
Ancient Greek society went through many phases, with a «golden age» between around 600 and 300 BCE. Culture and art flourished at that time. The Macedonians, under Philip II, finally conquered civilization, but it continued under Philip’s son Alexander, who spread Greek culture and philosophy throughout North Africa and the Middle East.
During the golden age, the Greek world consisted of independent, self-governing cities, known as city-states. With its superb port at Piraeus, Athens was the most important city-state. It became the center of Greek civilization and culture, attracting many famous playwrights and philosophers, such as Socrates. Athens practiced the system of democracy. But only free men were allowed to have a say in government.
The second important city-state of Greece, Sparta, revolved around warfare. Spartans led tough, disciplined lives. Each male began military training at the age of seven and remained a soldier until the age of sixty.
The ancient Greeks were among the most creative people in history. They were great builders and artists who invented theater, politics, history, writing, science, and sports. Some of the words they created are still used today.
Многие западные слова, идеи и источники развлечений берут свое начало в мире древней Греции. Около 2500 лет назад греки создали общество, которое стало самым влиятельным в мире. Греческие архитекторы разработали стиль здания, который копируется по сей день. Греческие философы задавали вопросы о жизни, которые до сих пор обсуждаются. Современный театр основан на древнегреческих пьесах, которые исполнялись тысячи лет назад.
Древнегреческое общество прошло через много фаз развития, включая «золотой век» между 600 и 300 г. до н.э. Культура и искусство процветали в то время. Македонцы под руководством Филиппа II, наконец, покорили мир, это продолжилось при сыне Филиппа Александре, который распространял греческую культуру и философию по всей Северной Африке и на Ближнем Востоке.
В течение золотого века греческий мир состоял из независимых, самоуправляющихся городов, известных как города-государства. С его превосходным портом в Пиреях Афины были самым важным из таких городов. Он стал центром греческой цивилизации и культуры, привлекая многих известных драматургов и философов, таких как Сократ. Афины практиковали систему демократии. Но только свободные люди могли иметь право голоса в правительстве.
Второй важный город-государство Греции, Спарта, вращался вокруг войны. Спартанцы вели жесткую, дисциплинированную жизнь. Каждый мужчина начинал военную подготовку в возрасте семи лет и оставался солдатом до шестидесяти лет.
Древние греки были одними из самых творческих людей в истории. Они были великими строителями и художниками, которые изобрели театр, политику, историю, письмо, науку и спорт. Некоторые из созданных ими слов до сих пор используются сегодня.
Презентация по английскому языку «The Civilization Of Ancient China»
Описание разработки
One of the most ancient world civilizations, China is the only country in the world, where the continuity of the state and culture is preserved for four thousand years.
Residents of this state were convinced that they lived in the center of the Earth and on the highest part of it, raised to the sky.
In the East of the natural boundary of China there are the Yellow and the East China seas, in the South of Ancient China ends in the valley of the river Yangtze.
They form a vast natural irrigated valley, convenient for highly productive agriculture.
Содержимое разработки
The Civilization Of Ancient China
One of the most ancient world civilizations, China is the only country in the world, where the continuity of the state and culture is preserved for four thousand years.
Residents of this state were convinced that they lived in the center of the Earth and on the highest part of it, raised to the sky.
In the East of the natural boundary of China there are the Yellow and the East China seas, in the South of Ancient China ends in the valley of the river Yangtze.
They form a vast natural irrigated valley, convenient for highly productive agriculture .
The Chinese first started to apply for writing a paper, Chinese masters were doing a good weapon, and the art of battle became an example for the other countries.
the Dragon was the cultural symbol of the Chinese people
Glorified Ancient China and unique monuments of architecture and art.
Fantastic facilities, interesting roof of the houses, rich palaces of emperors and exquisitely decorated temples.
Ancient rope bridges
In ancient times shoes made of leather, rich sported silk shoes. Headwear has long been considered an essential part of the toilet: they wore it going out in the street, reading and writing. Form of caps often changed, and yet had to consider hair because men in China did not cut hair and plait them into one or two braids and laid in a bun at the back or on the right from the top .
Chinese art has evolved in a variety of ways. Only in this country could find artists, fine manufactures the finest silk, or potters, famous for the production of decorative porcelain.
Chinese painters painted not only the walls of temples and palaces, but also small ceramic and textile products.
Individual views of the ancient Chinese art is considered to be theatrical skill. The Chinese in his theatrical productions skillfully combined music and movements of the body, Oriental martial arts, and religion.
Theatre of shadows as part of the Chinese drama
Chinese are very respectfully refer to their ancestors, the natural resources and subjects of art. Practically every area in China is full of history and cultural value.
Презентация по английскому языку на тему «Древние цивилизации»
специалист в области арт-терапии
Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:
Ancient Egypt Made by Maxim Krekshin Lyceum№4 Form 10A
Ancient Egypt, one of history’s first civilizations arose around the Nile River about 5,000 years ago. It lasted for over 2,000 years.
The ancient Egyptians discovered many things. They invented the first kind of paper from the papyrus plant and were the first people to write in pictures, called hieroglyphs.
The Egyptian population lived on both sides of the Nile valley and in the delta region. The ancient Egyptians had dark skin and dark hair.
Ancient Egyptians did many different things in their free time. They liked to go swimming and fishing in the Nile River. Hunting crocodiles, lions and other wild animals were popular sports among ancient Egyptians.
The ancient Egyptians believed in several gods and goddesses. The most important god was the sun god Re (or Ra). People prayed to him for good harvests.
The most famous goddess was Isis, who was seen as the ideal mother and wife. Her husband Osiris was the ruler of the dead.
Egypt’s pyramids are among the oldest buildings in the world. About 90 of them still stand on the Nile River.
Thank you for your attention.
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Урок английского языка для учащихся 10-х классов по теме «По следам исчезнувших цивилизаций»
Цели и задачи урока:
1. Совершенствовать навыки поискового и просмотрового чтения
2. Совершенствовать речемыслительную деятельность учащихся через различные формы работы с текстом.
3. Совершенствовать навыки ведения дискуссии на основе первичных знаний учащихся по теме, развитие личностной активности учащихся
4. Обучать стратегиям работы с различными источниками информации.
5. Обобщить знания учащихся о древних цивилизациях
6. Расширить кругозор учащихся по теме
7. Формировать “стратегии понимания” и умения ориентироваться в логико-смысловой структуре текста.
Развивающие задачи урока:
1. Развивать языковую догадку и речевую наблюдательность.
2. Развивать мышление и память.
3. Развивать умения высказываться логично и связно, делать выводы и анализировать полученную информацию.
4. Совершенствовать умственную деятельность учащихся через анализ и умения сравнивать и делать выводы.
5. Развивать умения понимать содержание иноязычного текста, извлекать необходимую информацию.
Познавательные цели урока:
1. Обогатить словарный запас учащихся с первичной автоматизацией лексических единиц.
2. Обогатить учащихся новой информацией о древних цивилизациях
3. Обучать учащихся систематизировать лингвострановедческий материал по теме.
4. Обучать учащихся анализу, прогнозированию и выдвижению гипотез при работе с текстами культурологического характера
Воспитательные цели урока:
1. Воспитывать у учащихся интерес к истории древних цивилизаций
2. Привлечь внимание учащихся к проблемам современной цивилизации
3. Воспитывать активную гражданскую позицию к проблемам современного мира и поискам их решения
1. Введение в ход урока (SLIDE 1 “Following the Traces of Lost Civilizations”, Presentation the talking point of the lesson)
Today I’d like to invite you to make a journey into the depths of human history. I’d like us to have a look at the places where many centuries ago there were great empires and amazing cultures, whose artwork impressed and pottery could be really bewildered and whose temples amazed by their perfect proportions and marvellous constructions. But you can’t find these places on the maps now as they don’t exist any more.
However, we can read about them in books, watch some documentaries or see many wonderful exhibits in the world museums.
But you’ll agree that whole peoples can’t disappear for ever. Even if they go away, they leave us some traces telling a lot about their habits, crafts, ways of life and so on.
If to rise up the centuries (встать над веками), that is, to turn off separate events and individuals, how to measure the History itself? What are its most meaningful units (значимые единицы) like?
In the XIX th century philosophers and historians believed that the whole humanity had a common historic destiny. They considered that some day in the future the world would become unique and all the nations would follow one and the same way of the development consisting of several stages, the highest of which was CIVILIZATION.
2. The definition of CIVILIZATION (SLIDE 2—A short discussion on the topic “What is CIVILIZATION in your opinion?”). Teacher’s conclusion after the discussion
Let’s try to denote what CIVILIZATION is? What does the word itself mean in your opinion?
Pupils’ answers (after the pupils’ answers, some of them are shown on a slide)
1. a society that is well organized and developed (THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF GREECE AND ROME)
2. a society, its culture and its way of life during a particular period of time or in particular part of the world (The Mayan civilization was at its height from 300 to 900 AD).
3. all the people in the world, and the societies they live in, considered as a whole—Environmental damage threatens the whole of civilization
4. the process in which societies become developed and organized—Our century has seen greater climate changes than any period since the dawn of civilization
5. HUMOUROUS a place such as a city, where there is a lot to do or where you have things to make you feel clean and comfortable—After a week in the mountains, all I wanted to do was get back to civilization. It’s good to be back in civilization after two weeks in a tent!
Well, let’s draw a conclusion after reading all these definitions again. So, civilization means societies that are advanced in their development and have a particular type of culture and way of life: The Mayan civilization was at its height from 300 to 900 AD.
Don’t mix with the word “Culture” is the art, music, literature etc. that a particular society has produced, and the way that society lives. And…
3. Teacher: “What images and connotations arise into your mind when you hear the word “Civilization”? Is it only the place you feel comfortable or anything else?
The pupils’ answers—pharaoh, pyramids, temples, scarab, Tutankhamen, hieroglyphics, amphora, sphinxes, cave paintings, ancient gods, ancient artwork, pottery with the scenes of mythology, Ancient Greece and Rome, of course, …
4. Teacher: Thanks for your answers; I agree with you, you are right. And as for me, the first thing which comes into my mind is the amazing Greek amphorae decorated with the mythological scenes depicting different sides of daily life, no matter whether those scenes are real or not, whether those people lived many years ago or whether they were only in imagination of the amphorae creators.
You’ve named different things according to your connotations. Now, let’s have a look at some of these words and match them with their English definitions. (Handouts “Match the word and its definition)
KEY: 1 B, 2 F, 3 A, 4 E, 5 D, 6 C
5. CIVILIZATION according to the historians and philosophers’ points of view
Teacher: Thanks for your answers about CIVILIZATION and your definitions of the words which were quite common in the ancient world.
But as for philosophers and scientists, there are different opinions on this point, both in the number of civilizations themselves and in the way of their denoting.
(SLIDE 3 — определения некоторых ученых, работающих по этой теме)
Osvald Shengler (1880—1936), a German philosopher, called them “the most developed countries”
Pitirim Sorokin (1889—1969), a Russian-American philosopher and sociologist, called them “metacultures”
As for Arnold Joseph Toinby (1889—1975), an English historian who wrote a 120volume scientific work on this matter, called them “civilisations”, but even he varied in their number from 13 to 21
Teacher: Let’s recollect some of the most famous civilizations that perished in a course of time and now are considered to be LOST CIVILIZATIONS
(SLIDE 4 — список древних цивилизаций, указанных на сайте www. lost _civilizations.net)
(+SLIDES 7, 8—some ancient civilizations, pictures)
Teacher: (Some questions to the pupils to discuss the topic): “Can we denote the borders of those civilizations? Are civilizations and states or settlements where people lived one and the same thing or not? What is your opinion?”
Pupils (some of the answers):
a) No, because the borders of civilizations didn’t coincide with the borders of states and territories of peoples’ settings. For example, the civilization of Ancient Rome united tens of countries and hundreds of people that were parts of great Rome Empire. As an example, the British Isles were occupies by Rome, we can still see the traces of ancient Roman influence in Britain—the roads, built by them, the baths in the town of Bath, the ruins of Hadrian Wall etc. Peoples, living in different parts of the world had to follow the laws of Rome Empire.
b) Teacher: OK, that’s right and “What do you think, where all these great civilizations were located?»
Pupils: Along the rivers
c) Teacher: Yes, you are right, and “What rivers were the cradles of great civilizations” Can you recollect them from your history lessons?”
Pupils: The Nile, the Tiger, the Evfrat, the Don, the Volga, the Mississippi, the Chuanche…
d) Teacher: “Why do you think so?
Pupils: Well, there are many reasons:
e) Teacher: And as a conclusion, adding your answers, a Russian geographer and historian Leo Mechnikov (1838—1888) was the first one who paid attention to this fact, especially in connection with huge water supply, later Thur Heyerdahl, a Norwegian explorer, said that all great civilizations had been born along great rivers. He named the Volga among these rivers as well.
6 Tracing one of the great civilizations
SLIDE 9—The River Nile
Teacher: Let’s have a more detailed look at the civilization of Ancient Egypt as the longest-lived civilization of ancient world. This civilization existed from 3300 BC to 30 BC. You know this civilization was located along the Nile. Read attentively the following statements about the Nile and choose those ones that prove that the Nile had really been a very important natural factor which had influenced also ancient Egypt’s political and economical factors. So, the Nile __________________________ (handouts)
KEY: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10
Teacher’s conclusion after checking the given task: So, you see that besides the fact of being the place of this ancient civilization’s settlement, the Nile was one of Egypt’s natural factors which influenced also its economic and political factors, protecting the country from the enemies’ attacks. Two other natural factors were the desert to the west and the seas to the north and east.
7 The Great Pyramids as one of the symbols of ancient Egypt
Teacher: So, great harvests and successes in agriculture let the Egyptians think about their rulers, pharaohs, and begin to build Pyramids for their afterlife period, that is after their death.
Let’s answer the questions of a quiz and try to clear out HOW MUCH WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT PYRAMIDS as one of the symbols of ancient Egypt nowadays though many centuries ago the Pyramids were a symbol of prosperity and success in agriculture ( Handouts)
(SLIDE “KING KHUFU’S PYRAMID”)
KEY: 1 b, 2 c, 3 b, 4 a, 5 a, 6 c, 7 a, 8 b
8 Bits of history…Rulers of ancient Egypt
Teacher: The rulers of ancient Egypt were pharaohs—kings and queens. Some of them are well-known all over the world because they were really very popular or, maybe we know about them thanks to the works of some writers. The great Shakespeare who was keen on ancient history described Cleopatra, one of the most beautiful queens, in his famous tragedy “Anthony and Cleopatra. Besides, there was a picturesque film about the time Cleopatra lived, based on a book written by a German writer and, of course, you also heard the names of Nephritis and her husband, Tutankhamen, who is considered to be one of the best kings in the history of ancient Egypt. He ruled Egypt around 1358 BC; his tomb was discovered almost intact by Howard Carter in 1922.
(SLIDE “TUTANKHAMEN and NEPHRITIS’S MASK”)
KEYS: 1 who, 2 when, 3 by, 4 by, 5 made, 6 on, 7 where, 8 that
Conclusion: Why did this civilization fall? (Pupils’ answers)—
a) the forests were cut down because of the ambitiousness of Egyptian rulers who made the slave built pyramids which were filled with everything necessary for afterlife period
b) the land was turning into deserts, the harvests of crops were not so rich, the huger began
c) the climate changed, it became colder
d) there was overpopulation
e) more powerful nations came into being and they defeated Egyptians
10 Ancient civilizations located in America
Teacher: Well, girls a boys, we have just recollected some facts about the flourishing and the fall of the ancient Egyptian civilization, which still interests a lot of people all over the world. That’s why every year a lot of tourists visit this wonderful country to have a look at it by themselves. But we learn English at school, so let’s pass over to the other lost civilizations located on the other side of the globe, in America, which existed in pre-Columbian period.
The most important civilizations there were the civilizations of the Aztecs, Maya and Incas. They existed till the Spaniards’ arrival in 1522, who destroyed them completely.
The oldest civilization was the Maya one. It started to form about 1000BC and only about 900 AD it began to decline. In the 15 th century the Maya civilization fell. The specialists say that it was caused by different factors, including overpopulation, exhaustion of natural resources and invasion of Spaniards.
Well, read the text about Maya who were masters of mathematics, masters of astronomy, invented the calendar we use today and claimed themselves in many other fields of human activities, but could not protect themselves against the greedy Spaniards
(Различные стратегии работы с предложенными текстами)
Key: 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 6, 5, 2
(After checking the task, the teacher’s question “What new information have you learned from this text?) + SLIDES
a) As for the Aztecs, we all know the words of AVOCADO, CHOCOALE, TOMATO, CHILI. They all came from the language of the Aztecs, not speaking about the names of Mexican cities which are still on the world maps and which belong to the Aztecs language
1. American
2. developed
3. destroyed
4. religion
5. built
6. sculptures
7. impressive
8. asked
b) Incas civilization was located in the Andes Mountains, in the country we now call Peru. The Incas built a beautiful and dramatic city called Machu Pichu (Old Peak) on a high plain between two mountain peaks. It was a natural fortress as it was protected by steep slopes and high mountains.
Read the text about this city and fill in the gaps with the missing parts of the sentences.
Key: 1 c, 2 e, 3 d, 4 a, 5 g, 6 f
(SLIDES ABOUT MACHU PICCHU)
11. Discussion, conclusion, comparing the cultures, their reasons of fall and our CIVILIZATION. Are there any threats to the future of our civilization?
So, we have just traced the height and the fall of some ancient civilizations. Some of the reasons of their fall are clear. American civilizations were destroyed by foreign invaders. As for the other reasons, they were mainly created by people themselves. Recollect only the huge pyramids of Egyptian rulers and the way the Egyptians prepared their rulers for future life after death. Do you remember what they placed inside the pyramids? Well, even great ships which reached 20 meters in length, not speaking about anything else.
And if we try to trace the destiny of our own planet, our own civilization we live in now, are there any threats to our future? Can we find any parallels between their and our existence? Are there any factors that can destroy our civilization? What are they?
Teacher: (CONCLUSION) Thank you for your work, now we are sure that we have to think about our civilization just now or it will be too late
Home work: Text “A Lost City”, Student’s Book, page 118—119
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