Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which produces characteristic tuberculous changes in the lung. This disease may also affect other organs: bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys, etc. The causative agent of tuberculosis was discovered by Koch in 1882.
In the early stage of tuberculosis the patient usually complains of a general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and bodyweight. Cough may be dry or productive, i. e. with sputum discharge. Coughing becomes worse at night and in the morning. In patients with cavities in the lungs coughing is accompanied by a considerable discharge of sputum.
Sputum is mucopurulent. Its microscopic examination reveals a large number of pus corpuscles, erythocytes, and tuberculous organisms. Blood in the sputum is sometimes the first sign of tuberculosis. If large blood vessels are involved the discharge of blood may become profuse.
Fever is one of the permanent symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. In benign processes the body temperature is often subfebrile. In active forms it may range from 38° to 39°C. A considerable elevation of temperature is observed in pneumonic forms, when fever persists at a level of 38°C and higher for several months.
Cold profuse perspiration at night is sometimes evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis. Loss of body weight is one of the typical signs of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is caused by tuberculous intoxication, a sharp increase in the metabolic rate and loss of appetite. Loss of body weight is particularly marked in progressive forms of the disease.
VII. Переведите слова и словосочетания о скобках. Предложения переведите:
1. It is sometimes difficult to make a correct diagnosis (в ранних стадиях) of some diseases. 2. (Потеря аппетита) is a very important symptom, which a physician must always pay particular attention to. 3. (Повышение температуры) has been persisting for several months since it was a pneumonic form of tuberculosis. 4. Dullness in the lungs, accelerated respiration, dry or moist rales and crepitation may be (доказательством) of lobular pneumonia. 5. (Резкое увеличение) of the number of leucocytes is often the evidence of a certain inflammatory process in the human body.
Реферат: Tuberculosis Essay Research Paper TuberculosisTB is a
Название: Tuberculosis Essay Research Paper TuberculosisTB is a Раздел: Топики по английскому языку Тип: реферат Добавлен 13:46:40 25 октября 2010 Похожие работы Просмотров: 4 Комментариев: 14 Оценило: 2 человек Средний балл: 5 Оценка: неизвестно Скачать
Tuberculosis Essay, Research Paper
TB is a disease that can cause a serious illness and can damage a person’s
organs. Every year more than 25,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with TB
disease. That’s only a fraction of the amount of people who carry the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rod-shaped
bacterium. TB is spread through the air by carriers of the germ. People who
breathe the same air can become infected with the TB germ. People who do work
around or with people with the TB disease should take medicine. TB infection
means that the person has the TB germs but they are in an inactive state. When
TB germs enter the body, the immune system builds a wall around them. While TB
germs are inactive, they cannot cause any damage. These germs can stay alive
for many years in these walls and eventually break out. At this time TB is
active then it becomes TB disease. It can now affect the system’s organs. A
person can have TB disease shortly after being infected with TB germs if the
person’s immune system is weak.
TB can attack any part of the system. The lungs are the most common area of
attack. People with the TB disease have one or more of the following symptoms:
a cough that hangs on, fevers, weight loss, night sweats, constant fatigue, and
loss of appetite. A person with the TB disease in the late stages will cough up
blood streaked sputum. People who have Active TB disease usually only have mild
symptoms. There are three tests to diagnose TB disease. One is the Tuberculin
Mantoux PPD skin test; two is a Chest X-ray which is given after the Skin test
is positive; three Sputum Test reveals if TB germs are in thick liquid a person
coughs up. The Tuberculin Mantoux PPD skin test is given by placing a substance
called PPD Tuberculin under the top layer of the skin with a very small needle
and syringe. The doctor will inject the needle into the skin which will only
feel like a slight pen prick. A few days later the skin test reaction will be
read by a trained health worker. If the skin around the prick israised and it
is bigger or the same size as a pencil eraser then the person is likely to have
been infected with TB germs. This does not mean he or she has TB disease. You
should always retest yourself even if the first test was negative for a few
reasons. If your immune system has been weakened, then your immune system may
not react to the skin test. The test also might have been taken too early after
infection because the blood has not been infected.
Inactive and Active TB can be treated by various ways. If you work or are
around people with Active TB you should take medicine. Just because you are
infected with TB germs doesn’t mean you have TB disease. Having inactive TB
will not hurt you now but you could develop TB disease later in life with out
taking appropriate medicine. By taking medicine now you can wipe out the germs
before they become active. People who have other illnesses that weaken their
immune system should especially take medicine to prevent TB disease. The most
common medicine to take is called Isoniazid or INH. Almost everybody can take
INH. Some physicians will not give it to people over the age of thirty-five or
to people with health problems that might be affected by INH. You must take INH
for six months to completely wipe out TB germs. People who have other serious
infections like HIV usually need to take for a longer period of time. INH is a
very safe drug but can cause side-effects to some people. Changes you should
look out for are yellowish skin, dark urine, vomiting, loss of appetite, nausea,
changes in eyesight, unexplained fever, unexplained fatigue, and stomach cramps.
There are other medicines as well for example rifampin. There is also an
unproven vaccination called the BCG Vaccination. People that have had a BCG
that have not had a skin test usually have to take the skin test when applying
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs, though it can affect any organ in the body. It can develop when bacteria spread through droplets in the air. TB can be fatal, but in many cases, it is preventable and treatable.
In the past, TB, or “consumption,” was a major cause of death around the world. Following improvements in living conditions and the development of antibiotics, the prevalence of TB fell dramatically in industrialized countries.
The WHO estimate that in 2018, nearly 10 million people around the world developed TB and 1.5 million people died from the disease, including 251,000 people who also had HIV.
A majority of the people affected were in Asia. However, TB remains a matter of concern in many other areas, including the United States.
The same year, doctors reported 9,025 cases of TB in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Currently, antibiotic resistance is causing renewed concerns about TB among experts. Some strains of the disease are not responding to the most effective treatment options. In this case, TB is difficult to treat.
Share on Pinterest A person with TB may experience swollen lymph nodes.
A person may develop TB after inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) bacteria.
When TB affects the lungs, the disease is the most contagious, but a person will usually only become sick after close contact with someone who has this type of TB.
TB infection (latent TB)
A person can have TB bacteria in their body and never develop symptoms. In most people, the immune system can contain the bacteria so that they do not replicate and cause disease. In this case, a person will have TB infection but not active disease.
Doctors refer to this as latent TB. A person may never experience symptoms and be unaware that they have the infection. There is also no risk of passing on a latent infection to another person. However, a person with latent TB still requires treatment.
The CDC estimate that as many as 13 million people in the U.S. have latent TB.
TB disease (active TB)
The body may be unable to contain TB bacteria. This is more common when the immune system is weakened due to illness or the use of certain medications.
When this happens, the bacteria can replicate and cause symptoms, resulting in active TB. People with active TB can spread the infection.
Without medical intervention, TB becomes active in 5–10% of people with the infection. In about 50% of these people, the progression occurs within 2–5 years of getting the infection, according to the CDC.
The risk of developing active TB is higher in:
A person should see a doctor if they experience :
Latent TB: A person with latent TB will have no symptoms, and no damage will show on a chest X-ray. However, a blood test or skin prick test will indicate that they have TB infection.
Active TB: A person with TB disease may experience a cough that produces phlegm, fatigue, a fever, chills, and a loss of appetite and weight. Symptoms typically worsen over time, but they can also spontaneously go away and return.
Beyond the lungs
TB usually affects the lungs, though symptoms can develop in other parts of the body. This is more common in people with weakened immune systems.
A person with latent TB will have no symptoms, but the infection can show up on tests. People should ask for a TB test if they:
A doctor will ask about any symptoms and the person’s medical history. They will also perform a physical examination, which involves listening to the lungs and checking for swelling in the lymph nodes.
Two tests can show whether TB bacteria are present:
However, these cannot indicate whether TB is active or latent. To test for active TB disease, the doctor may recommend a sputum test and a chest X-ray.
Everyone with TB needs treatment, regardless of whether the infection is active or latent.
With early detection and appropriate antibiotics, TB is treatable.
The right type of antibiotic and length of treatment will depend on:
It is essential to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms go away. If a person stops taking their medication early, some bacteria can survive and become resistant to antibiotics. In this case, the person may go on to develop drug resistant TB.
Depending on the parts of the body that TB affects, a doctor may also prescribe corticosteroids.
M. tuberculosis bacteria cause TB. They can spread through the air in droplets when a person with pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks.
Only people with active TB can transmit the infection. However, most people with the disease can no longer transmit the bacteria after they have received appropriate treatment for at least 2 weeks.
Ways of preventing TB from infecting others include:
TB vaccination
In some countries, children receive an anti-TB vaccination — the bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine — as part of a regular immunization program.
However, experts in the U.S. do not recommend BCG inoculation for most people unless they have a high risk of TB. Some of the reasons include a low risk of infection in the country and a high likelihood that the vaccine will interfere with any future TB skin tests.
People with weakened immune systems are most likely to develop active TB. The following are some issues that can weaken the immune system.
For people with HIV, doctors consider TB to be an opportunistic infection. This means that a person with HIV has a higher risk of developing TB and experiencing more severe symptoms than a person with a healthy immune system.
Treatment for TB can be complex in a person with HIV, but a doctor can develop a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses both issues.
Smoking
Tobacco use and secondhand smoke increase the risk of developing TB. These factors also make the disease harder to treat and more likely to return after treatment.
Quitting smoking and avoiding contact with smoke can reduce the risk of developing TB.
Other conditions
Some other health issues that weaken the immune system and can increase the risk of developing TB include:
Also, some medical treatments, such as an organ transplant, impede the functioning of the immune system.
Spending time in a country where TB is common can also increase the risk of developing it. For information about the prevalence of TB in various countries, use this tool from the WHO.
