Рассказ про нобелевского лауреата на английском языке

He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father made a strong position for himself in the engineering industry. Most of the family returned to Sweden in 1859, where Alfred rejoined them in 1863, beginning his own study of explosions in his father’s laboratory. He had never studied at school or at university but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty he had become a skillful chemist and an excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. He built up over 80 companies in 20 different countries.

But Nobel’s main concern was never making money on scientific discoveries. In his youth he had taken a serious interest in literature and psychology. He was always generous to the poor. His greatest wish was to see the end of wars and thus peace between nations. He left money to provide prizes for outstanding scientists studying Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace.

Перевод:

Он родился в Стокгольме 21 октября 1833 году, но в 1842 году переехал с родителями в Россию, где его отцу удалось занять важный пост в инженерной индустрии. Большая часть семьи вернулась в Швецию в 1859 году, а Альфред присоединился к ним в 1863 году, и начал свое собственное исследование взрывов в лаборатории отца. Он никогда не учился в школе или университете, но занимался сам, и к тому времени, когда ему исполнилось 20, он уже был опытным химиком и отличным лингвистом, говорящим на шведском, русском, немецком, французском и английском языках. Он возвел более 80 компаний в 20 различных странах.

Однако в планы Нобеля никогда не входило заработать денег за счет научных открытий. В молодости он серьезно интересовался литературой и психологией. Он всегда был щедр по отношению к бедным. Его заветной мечтой было увидеть конец войн и мир между нациями. Он оставил состояние для выдачи призов выдающимся ученым в области физики, химии, физиологии, медицины, литературы и мира на земле.

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Alfred Nobel

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896), Swedish inventor and philanthropist, was a man of many contrasts. He was a son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; a scientist with a love of literature. He made a large fortune but lived a simple life. He was cheerful in company, and often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him, a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil.
He discovered a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war. World-famous for his works he was never personally well-known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity. «I do not see» he once said, «that I have deserved any fame and I have no taste for it», but since his death his name has brought fame and glory to others.
He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father made a strong position in engineering industry. He made a lot of money for his invention of landmine, but later went bankrupt. Alfred came to Sweden in 1863, and started his own study of explosives in his fathers laboratory.
He had never been to school or University but he studied privately and by the time he was twenty he became a skillful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. Like his father, Alfred Nobel was imaginative and inventive, but he had better luck in business and showed more financial sense.
He was quick to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions and built up over 80 companies in 20 different countries. Indeed his greatness lay in his outstanding ability to combine the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward-looking industrialist.
But Nobel’s main concern was never with making money or even making scientific discoveries. He was always searching for a meaning to life, and from his youth he had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. Perhaps, because he could not find ordinary human love — he never married — he came to care deeply about the whole of mankind. He was always generous to the poor. His greatest wish, however, was to see an end to wars and he spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896.
His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding works in physics, chemistry, psychology, medicine, literature and peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. And so, the man who felt he should have died at birth is remembered and respected long after his death.

Альфред Нобель

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William Cuthbert Faulkner born in 1897 was a Nobel Prize-winning novelist from Mississippi. Though his works are sometimes considered challenging, he is regarded as one of America’s most influential fiction writers. Faulkner was known for using long, serpentine sentences, in contrast to the minimalist style of Ernest Hemingway. Some consider Faulkner to be the only true American modernist prose fiction writer of 1930s, following in the experimental tradition of European writers such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Marcel Proust. His work is known for literary devices like stream of consciousness, multiple narrations or points of view, and narrative time shifts.

Faulkner was born in New Albany. His great-grandfather, William Clark Faulkner, was an important figure in the history of northern Mississippi who served as a colonel in the Confederate Army, founded a railroad, and gave his name to the town of Faulkner. Perhaps most importantly, he wrote several novels and other works, establishing a literary tradition in the family. Eventually, Colonel Faulkner became the model for Colonel John Sartoris in his great-grandson’s writing. It is understandable that the younger Faulkner was influenced by the history of his family and the region in which they lived. Mississippi marked his sense of humor, his sense of the tragic position of blacks and whites, his keen characterization of usual Southern characters and his timeless themes, one of them being that fiercely intelligent people dwelled behind the facades of good old boys and simpletons.

Faulkner’s most celebrated novels include The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), and Absalom, Absaloml (1936). Faulkner was a prolific writer of short stories: his first short story collection. These 13 was published in 1932. He received a Pulitzer Prize for A Fable, and won National Book Awards for his Collected Stories (1951) тй A Fable (1955).

Faulkner was also a writer of mysteries, publishing a collection of crime fiction, Knight’s Gambit, Light in August, and The Town. He set many of his short stories and novels in his fictional Yoknapatawpha County. Yoknapatawpha was his very own ‘postage stamp9 and it is considered to be one of the most monumental fictional creations in the history of literature.

In the later years, Faulkner moved to Hollywood to be a screenwriter (producing scripts for Raymond Chandler’s The Big Sleep and Ernest Hemingway’s To Have and Have Not). Faulkner donated his Nobel winnings ‘to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers,’ eventually resulting in the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. Faulkner served as Writer-in-Residence at the University of Virginia from 1957 until his death in 1962 of a heart attack.

Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Фолкнер, лауреат Нобелевской премии, считается одним из самых влиятельных авторов художественной прозы и известен произведениями, которые иногда считаются сложными.
2. Он является одним из наиболее значительных американских прозаиков-модернистов 1930-х годов, который следовал экспериментаторской традиции европейских писателей, и известен тем, что использовал такие литературные приемы, как поток сознания, многоплановое повествование и сдвиги времени повествования.
3. Он также известен своим мастерским воссозданием типичных характеров южан и «вечными темами» произведений.
4. Он получил Пулитцеровскую премию и Национальную премию в области литературы, и был также известен как автор книг с элементами мистики и сложным сюжетом, действие многих из которых происходило в вымышленном им округе Йокнопатофа, которое является «маркой» Фолкнера.
5. Он стал сценаристом и написал много сценариев.
6. Он передал полученную Нобелевскую премию на создание фонда помощи и поддержки молодых авторов художественной литературы.
7. Фолкнер работал писателем при университете Вирджинии.
8. Он был известен как плодовитый автор коротких рассказов, издавший ряд сборников коротких рассказов.

1. Faulkner, a Nobel Prize-winning novelist is regarded as one of the American most influential science fiction writers, famous for works which are sometimes considered challenging.
2. He is one of the most important American modernist prose fiction writers of the 1930s, who followed in the experimental tradition of European writers and is known for using literary devices like stream of consciousness, multiple narrations and narrative time shifts.
3. He is also famous for his keen characterization of usual Southern characters and his timeless themes.
4. He received a Pulitzer Prize and won National Book Awards, and was also known as a writer of mysteries, many of which were set in his fictional Yoknapatawpha County which was his own ‘postage stamp’.
5. Later he became a screenwriter and produced many scripts.
6. He donated his Nobel winnings to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers.
7. Faulkner served as Writer-in-Residence at the university of Virginia.
8. He was famous as a prolific writer of short stories, who published a number of short story collections.

Источник

Топик: Нобелевская премия и ее лауреаты

In his will, Nobel directed that most of his fortune be invested to form a fund, the interest of which was to be distributed annually «in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.» He stipulated that the interest be divided into five equal parts, each to be awarded to the person who made the most important contribution in one of five different fields. In addition to the three scientific awards and the literature award, a prize would go to the person who had done «the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.» Nobel also specified certain institutions that would select the prizewinners. The will indicated that “no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize.”

Alfred Nobel
After his own experiments led him to the lucrative invention of dynamite, Alfred Nobel established a fund to reward other innovators “contributing most materially to the benefit of mankind.” The Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, international peace, and economic sciences. The awards reflect Nobel’s interests; in addition to performing valuable chemical research, he spoke several languages, traveled widely, and wrote poetry.

In 1968 the Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, created an economics prize to commemorate the bank’s 300th anniversary. This prize, called the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science, was first awarded in 1969. The bank provides a cash award equal to the other Nobel prizes.

II NOBEL FOUNDATION
In 1900 the Nobel Foundation was established to manage the fund and to administer the activities of the institutions charged with selecting winners. The fund is controlled by a board of directors, which serves for two-year periods and consists of six members: five elected by the trustees of the awarding bodies mentioned in the will, and the sixth appointed by the Swedish government. All six members are either Swedish or Norwegian citizens.

In his will, Nobel stated that the prizes for physics and chemistry would be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the prize for physiology or medicine by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, the literature prize by the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, and the peace prize by a five-person committee elected by the Norwegian Storting (Parliament). After the economics prize was created in 1968, the Swedish Academy of Sciences has held the responsibility of selecting the winners of that award.

All the prize-awarding bodies have set up Nobel committees consisting of three to five people who make recommendations in the selection process. Additional specialists with expertise in relevant fields assist the committees. The Nobel committees examine nominations and make recommendations to the prize-awarding institutions. After deliberating various opinions and recommendations, the prize-awarding bodies vote on the final selection, and then they announce the winner. The deliberations and voting are secret, and prize decisions cannot be appealed.

III PRIZES
A prize for achievement in a particular field may be awarded to an individual, divided equally between two people, or awarded jointly among two or three people. According to the Nobel Foundation’s statutes, the prize cannot be divided among more than three people, but it can go to an institution. A prize may go unawarded if no candidate is chosen for the year under consideration, but each of the prizes must be awarded at least once every five years. If the Nobel Foundation does not award a prize in a given year, the prize money remains in the trust. Likewise, if a prize is declined or not accepted before a specified date, the Nobel Foundation retains the prize money in its trust.

IV SELECTION OF PRIZEWINNERS
Nominations of candidates for the prizes can be made only by those who have received invitations to do so. In the fall of the year preceding the award, Nobel committees distribute invitations to members of the prize-awarding bodies, to previous Nobel prize winners, and to professors in relevant fields at certain colleges and universities. In addition, candidates for the prize in literature may be proposed by invited members of various literary academies, institutions, and societies. Upon invitation, members of governments or certain international organizations may nominate candidates for the peace prize. The Nobel Foundation’s statutes do not allow individuals to nominate themselves. Invitations to nominate candidates and the nominations themselves are both confidential.

Nominations of candidates are due on February 1 of the award year. Then, Nobel committee members and consultants meet several times to evaluate the qualifications of the nominees. The various committees cast their final votes in October and immediately notify the laureates that they have won.

V PRIZE CEREMONIES
The prizes are presented annually at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, and in Oslo, Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. In Stockholm, the king of Sweden presents the awards in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and economic sciences. The peace prize ceremony takes place at the University of Oslo in the presence of the king of Norway. After the ceremonies, Nobel Prize winners give a lecture on a subject connected with their prize-winning work. The winner of the peace prize lectures in Oslo, the others in Stockholm. The lectures are later printed in the Nobel Foundation’s annual publication, Les Prix Nobel (The Nobel Prizes)

Some of the recipients

Recipent of the Nobel prize for chemistry

Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize and also the first person to win the Nobel Prize twice. Curie coined the term “radioactive” to describe the uranium emissions she observed in early experiments. With her husband, she later discovered the elements polonium and radium. A dedicated and respected physicist, her brilliant work with radioactivity eventually cost her her life; she died from overexposure to radiation.

R ecipient of the Nobel Prize for economics

Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899-1992), Austrian-born economist and Nobel laureate. Born in Vienna, von Hayek earned a doctorate at Vienna University in 1927 and spent some years in public service. He began a long academic career by holding the post of professor of economics and statistics at the University of London (1931-50); subsequently he was professor of moral and economic science at the University of Chicago (1950-62). An economic traditionalist, von Hayek won a wide reputation with The Road to Serfdom (1944), in which he argued that governments should not intervene in the control of inflation or other economic matters. He retired in 1962 but was later appointed professor of economics at the University of Freiburg, in West Germany (now part of Germany). Returning to Austria in 1969, he became visiting professor at the University of Salzburg. In 1974 he and the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal received the Nobel Prize in economic science for their “pioneering work in the theory of money and economic luctuations and for their pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena.

T he R ecipient of the Nobel Prize for literature

Galsworthy, John (1867-1933), English novelist and playwright, who was one of the most popular English novelists and dramatists of the early 20th century. He was born in Kingston Hills, Surrey, and educated at Harrow School and the University of Oxford. He was admitted to the bar in 1890 but soon abandoned law for writing. Galsworthy wrote his early works under the pen name John Sinjohn. His fiction is concerned principally with English upper middle-class life; his dramas frequently find their themes in this stratum of society, but also often deal, sympathetically, with the economically and socially oppressed and with questions of social justice. Most of his novels deal with the history, from Victorian times through the first quarter of the 20th century, of an upper middle-class English family, the Forsytes. The principal member of the family is Soames Forsyte, who exemplifies the drive of his class for the accumulation of material wealth, a drive that often conflicts with human values. The Forsyte series includes The Man of Property (1906), the novelette “Indian Summer of a Forsyte” (pub. in the collection Five Tales, 1918), In Chancery (1920), Awakening (1920), and To Let (1921). These five titles were published as The Forsyte Saga (1922). The Forsyte story was continued by Galsworthy in The White Monkey (1924), The Silver Spoon (1926), and Swan Song (1928), which were published together under the title A Modern Comedy (1929). These were followed in turn by Maid in Waiting (1931), Flowering Wilderness (1932), and Over the River (1933), published together posthumously as End of the Chapter (1934). Among the plays by Galsworthy are Strife (1909), Justice (1910), The Pigeon (1912), Old English (1924), and The Roof (1929). Galsworthy was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in literature.

T he R ecipient of the Nobel Prize for physics

Landau, Lev Davidovich (1908-68), Soviet theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate, noted chiefly for his pioneer work in low-temperature physics (cryogenics). He was born in Baku, and educated at the universities of Baku and Leningrad. In 1937 Landau became professor of theoretical physics at the S. I. Vavilov Institute of Physical Problems in Moscow. His development of the mathematical theories that explain how superfluid helium behaves at temperatures near absolute zero earned him the 1962 Nobel Prize in physics. His writings on a wide variety of subjects relating to physical phenomena include some 100 papers and many books, among which is the widely known nine-volume Course of Theoretical Physics, published in 1943 with Y. M. Lifshitz. In January 1962, he was gravely injured in an automobile accident; he was several times considered near death and suffered a severe impairment of memory. By the time of his death he had been able to make only a partial recovery.

T he r ecipient of the Nobel Prize for peace

The first to bear the title of Dalai Lama was Sonam Gyatso, grand lama of the Drepung monastery and leader of the Gelugpa (Yellow Hat) sect, who received it in 1578 from the Mongol chief Altan Khan; it was then applied retroactively to the previous leaders of the sect. In 1642 another Mongol chief, Gushri Khan, installed the fifth Dalai Lama as Tibet’s spiritual and temporal ruler. His successors governed Tibet—first as tributaries of the Mongols, but from 1720 to 1911 as vassals of the emperor of China.

When the Chinese Communists occupied Tibet in 1950, they came into increasing conflict with Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama. He left the country after an unsuccessful rebellion in 1959 and thereafter lived in India. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 for leading the nonviolent opposition to continued Chinese rule in Tibet. In 1995 the Dalai Lama came into conflict with Chinese authorities over the identification of a new Panchen Lama (the second most senior Tibetan religious authority). In 1996 he published Violence and Compassion, in which he and French screenwriter Jean-Claude Carriиre consider topics of political and spiritual interest.

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Нобелевская премия и ее лауреаты — Иностранный язык

Some of the recipients

Recipent of the Nobel prize for chemistry

R ecipient of the Nobel Prize for economics

T he R ecipient of the Nobel Prize for literature

T he R ecipient of the Nobel Prize for physics

T he r ecipient of the Nobel Prize for peace

Источник

Название: Нобелевская премия и ее лауреаты
Раздел: Топики по английскому языку
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