Топик на английском. History of the radio
However, few people know about how the radio was invented. Even the greatest scientists still argue about the fact who was the first to invent it because all of these people had made an important contribution to the creation of the radio.
There are three main contenders for the title of the inventor of the radio. They are Popov, Marconi, and Tesla. These people were not connected to each other but against all the odds were working on the same invention at the same time in different countries.
Popov was mostly interested in the practical part and did not have an idea of spreading information around the world. He presented his radio in 1895, however, he did not document it. Italian scientist acted more correctly and decided to get a patent. Despite the fact it was given to him only in 1897, many historians consider Marconi to be the inventor of the radio.
Things have changed drastically since those times and now the radio is just a way to relax, entertain and get new information, but only last century it transmitted news about war and was on all days in many homes all over the world.
Перевод
Однако мало людей знает, как был изобретен радиоприемник. Даже величайшие ученые все еще спорят о том, кто же первым изобрел радио, так как все люди, поучаствовавшие в его создании, внесли важный вклад в это изобретение.
Есть три основных претендента на звания изобретателя радиоприемника: Попов, Маркони и Тесла. Эти люди, никак не связанные между собой, каким-то чудом работали над одним и тем же изобретением в одно и то же время, но в разных странах.
Попов больше был заинтересован в практической части работы и не имел желания распространить идею по всему миру. Он представил свою работу в 1895 году, однако никак не задокументировал ее. Итальянский ученый, Маркони, действовал более грамотно и решил получить патент. Несмотря на то, что он получил его лишь в 1897, многие историки поэтому и считают изобретателем радио именно его.
С тех пор многое изменилось, и теперь радио – лишь способ развлечься, расслабиться или получить новую информацию, хотя в прошлом веке по нему передавали новости о войне и радиоприемники были включены во многих домах по всему миру целыми днями.
History of the radio. Топик на английском
Рубрика: Наука
Nowadays we have television and the Internet, so the radio has become less popular. Nevertheless, there are still a lot of radio stations of different purpose and many people prefer to listen to the news or just to music while they are going or driving to work.
However, few people know about how the radio was invented. Even the greatest scientists still argue about the fact who was the first to invent it because all of these people had made an important contribution to the creation of the radio.
There are three main contenders for the title of the inventor of the radio. They are Popov, Marconi, and Tesla. These people were not connected to each other but against all the odds were working on the same invention at the same time in different countries.
Things have changed drastically since those times and now the radio is just a way to relax, entertain and get new information, but only last century it transmitted news about war and was on all days in many homes all over the world.
Перевод
Во времена существования телевидения и интернета радио стало менее популярным. Тем не менее, многие люди все еще слушают по радио новости или музыку по дороге на работу.
Однако мало людей знает, как был изобретен радиоприемник. Даже величайшие ученые все еще спорят о том, кто же первым изобрел радио, так как все люди, поучаствовавшие в его создании, внесли важный вклад в это изобретение.
Есть три основных претендента на звания изобретателя радиоприемника: Попов, Маркони и Тесла. Эти люди, никак не связанные между собой, каким-то чудом работали над одним и тем же изобретением в одно и то же время, но в разных странах.
Попов больше был заинтересован в практической части работы и не имел желания распространить идею по всему миру. Он представил свою работу в 1895 году, однако никак не задокументировал ее. Итальянский ученый, Маркони, действовал более грамотно и решил получить патент. Несмотря на то, что он получил его лишь в 1897, многие историки поэтому и считают изобретателем радио именно его.
С тех пор многое изменилось, и теперь радио – лишь способ развлечься, расслабиться или получить новую информацию, хотя в прошлом веке по нему передавали новости о войне и радиоприемники были включены во многих домах по всему миру целыми днями.
Полезные выражения
Of different purpose – разного назначения
Make a contribution to – внести вклад в
Contender for the title of – претендент на звание
Against all the odds – каким-то чудом, несмотря ни на что
Get patent – получить патент
Transmit – передавать по радио, транслировать
Радио
One of the most wonderful discoveries made by human beings is radio. It is the wireless transmission of signals or sounds through the space. This invention was the discovery of the century, though people think it is getting outdated now because of the internet.
One major and indisputable advantage of the radio is a low price. It is cheaper to buy a radio-receiver than PC or TV-set. Besides, radio is a source of the weaker radiation, than other media devices. For an instance, the average power of radiation of TV-set is 40-50 mR/h, but a receiver radiation is just 15 mR/h.
In addition to these advantages, the advertising on the air is not widespread so much as opposed to the television or the Internet. Moreover, radio is a kind of the link that might be provided almost everywhere. Usually it is used when a TV signal has no possibility to pass. Radio communication is often used during some hostilities or used by people who work underground.
In spite of the fact that radio communication is simple and cheap, it has some obvious disadvantages. For example, the information couldn’t be supported by the picture. Pictures help us to percept information more intensive and sometimes this data might be useless without any images.
Furthermore, people who have some problems with audio perception couldn’t get information wireless. There is a lack of the demand for radio receivers. We use them to listen to the music on the way. It is not popular anymore, because receiving set is replaced by the Internet nowadays. The equipment has lost its popularity, because almost all of us have laptops or smart phones with access to the Internet connection.
Anyway, it is something worth using. Many legendary scientists have worked on the radio creation, including Russian physicist A. Popov. It is still one of the most powerful parts of mass media systems.
Одним из самых замечательных открытий, совершенных человеком, является радио. Это беспроводная передача сигналов или звуков сквозь пространство. Это изобретение считалось открытием века, хотя люди думают, что на сегодняшний день радио устарело из-за появления интернета.
Одним из главных и неоспоримых достоинств радио является его низкая стоимость. Покупка радио обойдется дешевле, чем приобретение компьютера или телевизора. Кроме того, радио излучает меньшее количество радиации, чем другие технические устройства, занимающиеся распространением информации. Например, мощность излучения телевизора в среднем составляет 40-50 мР / ч, а радиоприемника ¬− всего 15 мР / ч.
Ко всем вышеперечисленным преимуществам можно отнести еще и то, что в радио эфире реклама не так распространена, как на телевидении или в интернете. Более того, радио, как способ связи, может использоваться практически в любом месте. Радиосвязь часто используется военными во время некоторых операций или людьми, которые работают под землей.
Несмотря на то, что радиосвязь является дешевой и простой в использовании, радио имеет несколько очевидных недостатков. Например, во время радио эфира нет возможности сопровождать информацию какими-либо изображениями. Фотографии помогают нам лучше воспринимать информацию, и иногда информация без каких-либо изображений может быть абсолютно бесполезной.
Кроме того, люди, которые имеют проблемы с восприятием информации на слух, не смогут получать ее по радио. На сегодняшний день спрос на радиоприемники отсутствует. Мы используем их, чтобы слушать музыку в дороге. Они больше не популярны, так как их заменил интернет. Радиоприемник потелял свою популярность, потому что почти у каждого из нас есть ноутбук или смартфон с доступом к интернету.
В любом случае, радио – стоящая вещь. Многие легендарные ученые работали над его созданием, в том числе русский физик А. Попов. Сегодня радио остается по-прежнему одним из самых мощных систем средств массовой информации.
Aleksandr Popov
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
Aleksandr Popov, in full Aleksandr Stepanovich Popov, (born March 4 [March 16, New Style], 1859, Turinskiye Rudniki [now Krasnoturinsk], Perm, Russia—died Dec. 31, 1905, [Jan. 13, 1906], St. Petersburg), physicist and electrical engineer acclaimed in Russia as the inventor of radio. Evidently he built his first primitive radio receiver, a lightning detector (1895), without knowledge of the contemporary work of the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi. The genuineness and the value of Popov’s successful experiments are not seriously doubted, but Marconi’s priority is usually conceded.
Popov was the son of a village priest. He received his early education in an ecclesiastical seminary school and planned to enter the priesthood. But in 1877 his interests changed to mathematics, and he entered the University of St. Petersburg, from which he was graduated with distinction in 1883. Joining the teaching faculty of the university, he lectured in mathematics and physics in preparation for a professorship.
Popov’s main interest soon changed to electrical engineering, however; and, because Russia in that period lacked colleges that taught the subject, he became an instructor at the Russian Navy’s Torpedo School at Kronstadt (Kronshtadt), near St. Petersburg, where students were trained to take charge of electrical equipment on Russian warships. Popov took advantage of the school’s library, which was stocked with foreign books and periodicals, and also of its well-equipped laboratory to follow scientific developments abroad and carry out experiments. Recognizing the importance of German physicist Heinrich Hertz’s discovery of electromagnetic waves, Popov began to work on methods of receiving them over long distances.
Popov constructed an apparatus that could register atmospheric electrical disturbances and, in July 1895, installed it at the meteorological observatory of the Institute of Forestry in St. Petersburg. In a paper published a few months later, Popov suggested that such an apparatus could be used for the reception of signals from a man-made source of oscillations, provided a sufficient power source became available. On May 7, 1895, he appeared before the St. Petersburg Physicochemical Society and demonstrated the transmission of Hertzian waves—as they were then termed—between different parts of the University of St. Petersburg buildings. Evidence suggests that on that occasion the words “Heinrich Hertz” were transmitted in Morse code and that the aural signals received were transcribed on a blackboard by the society’s president, who was the chairman of the meeting.
During the academic year 1895–96 at the Torpedo School, however, Popov became interested in setting up experiments on Röntgen rays (X rays), which had just been discovered. Therefore, he discontinued for a time the further development of his lightning, or thunderstorm, detector. He then read the first newspaper accounts of Marconi’s demonstrations in September 1896. It seems clear that neither Marconi nor Popov was aware of the close similarity between their experiments.
The news of Marconi’s work, as disclosed in his patent of June 1896, aroused Popov to fresh activity. Working in conjunction with the Russian navy, he effected ship-to-shore communication over a distance of 10 km (6 miles) by 1898. The distance was increased to about 50 km (30 miles) by the end of the following year, during which he had also visited wireless stations in operation in France and Germany.
Popov was given remarkably little support by the Russian government until 50 years later, when national attitudes and enthusiasms had changed. On May 7, 1945, the Bolshoi Theatre was packed with a distinguished audience to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the “invention of the radio” by A.S. Popov. On the stage sat scientists, marshals, admirals, commissars, leaders of the Communist Party, and Popov’s daughter. It was announced that in the future the 7th of May would be celebrated as the day of the radio.
Although it is agreed that Popov’s experimental work in connection with Hertzian waves is deserving of recognition, it has not been generally accepted that radio communication was actually invented by him. Popov’s description of his receiving apparatus, which he published in January 1896, coincides closely with that described in Marconi’s patent claim of June 1896. Popov is credited, however, with being the first to use an antenna in the transmission and reception of radio waves.
In 1901 Popov returned to St. Petersburg as a professor at the electrotechnical institute, of which he was later elected director. He died five years later.
Alexander Popov
Alexander Stepanovich Popov was a Russian physicist who is widely credited in Russia and other Eastern European countries as being the inventor of the radio. Popov was born in 1859 and came from a religious family; his father was a priest and Popov himself studied at a seminary and intended to join the priesthood. He developed an interest in mathematics and physics and then enrolled at St. Petersburg University’s Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. He graduated in 1882 and worked briefly as a laboratory assistant. He was offered job as a teacher at the university. He refused this offer because the salary was inadequate and also because he was more interested in research. To this end he joined the Russian Navy Torpedo School in Kronstadt as a teacher and head of the laboratory where he taught the concepts of electricity and magnetism to naval specialists.
During that time, there were many developments in the field of radio technology. The principles of invisible electromagnetic radiation were discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1888. Popov read his paper along with the works of other physicists such as Édouard Branly who discovered principles of electromagnetic discharge and Oliver Lodge who invented a device known as the coherer. Popov made significant contributions to the field of electromagnetism and improved the coherer by attaching an antenna to it which made it possible to transmit radio waves over short distances. In 1893, he visited the World’s Columbian Exposition held in Chicago, United States where he met and discussed his work with other experts in the field of radio technology.
In 1895, Alexander Popov made the first public demonstration of electromagnetic wave reception and the following year he published a paper and depicted his findings with a detailed diagram. The same year, an Italian named Guglielmo Marconi publicly demonstrated his invention and the following year he received a patent for it. Popov used his apparatus to send the first long distance signal at a distance of six miles, that is roughly 10 km. This was three years before Marconi made his famous transatlantic communication so we know that Popov’s claims to the invention are legitimate.
Popov, however, was not solely focused on the invention of the radio and instead became more involved in the study of thunderstorms and lightning. By this time, Marconi consolidated his research and applied for a patent, which he was duly granted. Popov’s claim to the invention was defended by the Russian Physicochemical Society but Marconi is generally credited with the invention of radio technology worldwide. However, there is little doubt that Popov independently devised the apparatus without any help from Marconi’s published material.
The Russian Navy installed the radio devices that Popov had invented which were very useful in communication and sending distress signals. In 1900, a radio station was established at Hogland island to provide two way communication between the Russian navy and the battleship General-Admiral Apraksin, which helped to save the life of the crew when they ran into bad weather. In 1901, Popov was appointed as a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Electrical Engineering and in 1905 he was made a director there. He became ill in 1905 and died in January 1906 due to a brain hemorrhage. His contributions have been widely honored since his death, including the “Alexander Stepanovich Popov” conference room established at the ITU headquarters in Geneva.
